History Of South Indian Kingdoms
In this topic, we will talk about the major dynasty of South India… meaning between 500 AD to 1200 AD.
In this time, the influence of many types of dynasties is seen in different areas of South India.
Pallava in 5th century and Chalukyo in 6th and 7th century.
(1)We will study 3 branches of Chalukya dynasty.
- Chalukyas of Vatapi
- Vengi Chalukya
- Chalukyas of Kalyani
(A)The influence of the Chalukya or Vengi Chalukyo of Vatapi is seen in the 6th to 7th century. Then the powers of the Chalukyas of Vatapi were weakened and the Rashtrakuta dynasty was established.
Rashtrakuta dynasty
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- When the Rashtrakuta dynasty emerged from one branch of the Chalukya dynasty, the other branch collapsed.
- After the Rashtrakuta dynasty, the powers of the Chalukyas of Kalyani developed and the Rashtrakuta dynasty fell.
- Then the rule of Chalukyo of Kalyani is established, then we will talk about the Chalukyo of Kalyani. And finally, we will talk about the rise of the Chola dynasty in the 9th century.
Pallava Dynasty (575 AD - 897 AD):
Please follow on Dailymotion:-Click here- The Pallava dynasty was established when the Satavahaka dynasty was declining. The Pallava dynasty was situated to the south of the Krishna river, this dynasty made its capital Kanchi. The official language of the Pallavas was Sanskrit.
- The founder of Pallavo was Bappadeva. But the real founder of the Pallava dynasty - Simhavishnu is considered.
Singh Vishnu (575 - 600 AD):
- Singh was a follower of Vishnu Vaishnavism, Singh used to be the author of Bharvi in the court of Vishnu who composed "Kirtarjunium".
- "Varaha Temple" was built in Mamallapur during the reign of Singh Vishnu.
- Singhvishnu was a great majestic ruler who defeated the kings of Chera, Chola, Pandya dynasty in battle.
Mahendravarman-I (600 - 630 AD):
- Mahendravarman was a great poet and musician.Click here to subscribe
- Initially he was a follower of Jainism, later came under the influence of Tamil saint Appar and became a follower of Shaivism.
- During the reign of Mahendravarman, the Chalukya king Pulakeshin II invaded and defeated the Pallava ruler Mahendarvarman in the war, from which the war between Pallavo and Chalukyo started.
- Mahendravarman wrote "Matavilas Prahasan", which is the main work of the Pallava period.
Narasimhavarman - I:-
- The most powerful ruler of the entire Pallava dynasty was Narasimhavarman - I.He defeated the Chalukya ruler Pulakeshin-II in the war. After defeating it, Narasimhavarman I assumed the title of "Vatapikond".
- During its rule, the Chinese mechanic had entered Hengsan Kanchi, as well as the chariot temples (monolithic temple) in Mahabalipuram were built by Narasimhavarman - I. The number of chariot temples is - 7, they are known as Saptapegowda.
Narasimhavarman - II (700-728 AD):-
Its reign is considered a reign of peace and during its reign there is a lot of development of architecture such as -- Mukteshwar Temple
- Baikund Perumala Temple
- Kailashnath Temple (Rajasiddheshwar Temple)
- The construction of these temples was the beginning of the drastic architecture.
- In the court of this Narasimhavarman II, the famous Sanskrit writer Dandi used to create "Deshkumarcharit".
- After this Nandivarman II, Nandi Varman III became king and the last major ruler of this dynasty was Aparajitavarman (879-897 AD).
Chalukyas of Vatapi:-
The Chalukyas who made Vatapi their capital are called Chalukyas of Vatapi.
Pulakeshin-I (535-567 AD):-
- Pulakeshin-I made Badami his capital.
- After this, Pulakeshin II son of Kirtivarman became the next ruler.
Pulakeshin II -
The greatest ruler of this dynasty, he defeated the Western Ganga dynasty, Kadamba dynasty, and Harshvardhan, the ruler of Pushyabhuti dynasty and assumed the title of 'Parameshwara'.
Information about Pulakeshin II comes from "Aihole inscription" written by Ravikirti.
- Pulakeshin II defeated Harsha, its mention is found in this inscription.
- Pulakeshin II conquered Vengi (Andhra Pradesh) and appointed his brother Vishnuvardhan as the ruler there, with which the foundation of Vengi's Chalukyo was laid.
- This Pulakeshin II attacked the Pallava dynasty during his reign and defeated the Pallava ruler Mahendravarman I in the war.
- This was replaced by his son Narasimhavarman I, the great ruler of the Pallavas, Narasimhavarman I, along with the king of Sri Lanka, defeated the king of Sri Lanka in 642 AD and captured his capital Badami and after the conquest Narasimhavarman I assumed the title of Vatpokand. |
- After this Vikramaditya became the first ruler who took revenge on these Pallavas in 654 AD.
- Then Vinayaditya, Vijayaditya and Vikramaditya II were the next rulers, the last ruler of this dynasty was Kirtivarman II who was defeated by Dantidurga and established the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
Chalukya of Vengi (Eastern Chalukya):
- Pulakeshin II's brother Vishnuvardhan laid the foundation of this dynasty.
- It made Vengi its capital, hence it was called Chalukya of Vengi.
- Ayna Mahadevi, wife of this Vishnuvardhana, built Jain temples in Vijayawada.
- But the most eminent ruler of this dynasty was Vijayaditya III. He declared himself the greatest ruler of the Dakshinapath.
After this, the chief rulers were -
Note: The construction of the major Papnath temple and Virupaksha temple was also done during the reign of Chalukyo.
Rashtrakuta Dynasty:-
The Rashtrakuta dynasty was founded by Dantidurga (735-756 AD) defeating Kirtivarman II, the last ruler of the Chalukyo of Vatapi.
- Rashtrakuta made his capital Manyakhet.
- After Dantidurga, the next ruler of this dynasty was Krishna I, who built the Kailashnath temple of Ellora by cutting the concrete rocks of Ellora during his reign.
** Govind II - Dhruva I - Govind III - Amodhavarsha - Krishna III **
(1)Dhruva -Dhruva is known as "Dharavarsha".
(2)Govind III - Govind III was also a great ruler who defeated the Pallava Pandya, Kerala, Pratihar and Ganga rulers. After this, his son Amodhavarsha became the next ruler of this dynasty.
- It has created Kaviraj Marg in Kannada language.
- Note that this Amodhavarsha made Manyakhet his capital.
- After this, the last greatest ruler of this dynasty was Krishna III. He established the victory pillar and the temple at Rameswaram.
- A Kannada linguistic poet used to be Ponn in his court and he composed "Shantipuran".
Note: Ellora and Elephanta caves were built during the rule of Rashtrakuta dynasty, Ellora has 34 shellated caves.
- There are Buddhist caves from 1-12.
- There are caves of Hindus till 13-29
- There are caves of Geno from 30-34.
Chalukyas of Kalyani:-
The Chalukyas who made Kalyan in Hyderabad their capital are called Chalukyas of Kalyani.
- This dynasty was founded by Telap II at the end of the 10th century.
- The principal rulers of this dynasty were Telap I, Telap II, Satyashraya, Jai Singh II, Vikramaditya Sasht, Someshwar III and Telap III.
- The most glorious ruler of all of these was Vikramaditya Shasta, who gave shelter to many scholars and poets in his court.
- During its rule, there is a considerable spread in the field of education and literature.
- During his reign, the famous poets Vigyaneshwar and Wilhan lived.
- Wilhan - Vikramankaritra
- Vigyaneshwar - Mitakshara (Hindu law book)
- The last ruler of this dynasty was Telap III and later the Chalukya dynasty fell with the authority of the Yadavas over Kalyani.
Chola dynasty (850-1279 AD):
After the fall of the Chola dynasty in the third century, the Chola Empire re-emerged around the 9th century.
- Vijayalaya founded the Chola Empire in the 9th century.
- In this dynasty, Aditya I, Parantaka I, Rajaraja I, Rajadhiraj I, Rajendra II, Veer Rajendra, Kulottung I, II, III Rajendra III were the prominent Chola kings.
Keep in mind that Rajendra III was the last ruler of this dynasty.
- Vijayalaya: This is what established the Chola Empire in the 9th century, it conquered Tanjore and made it its capital. After this, Parantaka I, son of Aditya I, became the next ruler of the Chola Empire.
- Parantaka I: During his reign, Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna III was attacked.
- In this war, the son of Parantak I was killed and Cholo was badly defeated.
- In history, this battle is known as the Battle of Takkolam.
Rajaraja I:-
He was the most powerful ruler of this dynasty, he was a follower of Shaivism. The era of greatness of the Chola Empire started from this reign.
- He defeated the nine Chero armies in the war as well as the Chalukyas, Pandyas, the Gang kings of Mysore.
- It introduced Kadamb, the land measurement method during his reign and built the famous Brihadeeswarar Temple (Rajarajeshwar Temple) in Tanjore (1010 AD).
- Rajaraja I invaded Sri Lanka and conquered its northern part (Lanka - Sinhala).
- After this Rajendra-I became the first ruler.
Rajendra-I:-
- The highest prevalence in the Chola Empire is seen during its rule, it made Gangeskondacholapuram the new capital of Cholo.
- During his rule, Chalukya ruler Jai Singh II was attacked but he was defeated badly. This war is known in history as the Battle of Maski.
- Rajendra was the only Chola ruler who conquered the whole of Sri Lanka and defeated the Pala rulers of Bengal and assumed the title of Gangkond Chola.
- Later on, marriage relations were formed between the Chalukyas of Chola and Vengi and gradually the area of Vengi became part of the Chola Empire during the reign of King Kulottung.
