World Frog Day | How is World Frog Day celebrated?

World Frog Day

World Frog Day is an annual festival celebrated on 20 March. Unlike other animals, all of us frogs clearly do not love their form, appearance, and especially the croc-croc sound. They are often small, small bodied creatures and will make us face smaller. Frogs are amphibian creatures that are found on both land and water. They are found as predators and are playing an important role in maintaining the environment throughout life. But in recent years, frogs are at risk of extinction for several reasons. World Frog Day is an awareness day celebrated to protect these living creatures from any predicament and provide them a safe environment to survive.

Source Image : Pixabay

"I want to kiss a frog even though no promise of a prince was popping out of it." I like frogs a lot. "  

History of World Frog Day:

World Frog Day has been celebrated since the year 2009. There is no precise mention of the person or organization that comes with this awareness day. Various varieties of frogs have been deyed with the intention of protecting them from extinction. Frogs are a talisman amphibian that originated about 256 million years ago. They are valued as food by humans and also have many cultural roles including literature, symbolism, and religion. About 6,000 known frog species were found, with 4,800 recorded frog types found worldwide except Antartica. But about 170 species of frogs have become extinct in the last decade. The reasons for its lack in population vary because they are dying due to both human activity and fungal infections.

Since the 1950s, the frog population has dropped significantly, and about one-third of the world's species are at risk of extinction. Whereas more than one hundred and twenty species are believed to have gone extinct since the 1980s. The reason for the decline in the population of frogs is emerging fungal disease, habitat destruction and modification, pollution, climate change, pesticide use and more. All of these in particular increased the number of malfunctions among frogs. In recent years, World Frog Day is considered the world's largest day for amphibian education and conservation action. People and various organizations are using this awareness day to focus on the universal decline in amphibian populations in locations around the world.

Many conservation biologists from around the world are actively working to find and understand the causes of these problems and ways to solve them. Except Antarctica, frogs of one species or the other can be seen on each continent. The frogs are Anura's eccentric bisexual. They are widely distributed, ranging from the tropics to the Antarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is in tropical rainforests. The earliest fossil of the "proto-frog" appeared in the early Tricic of Madagascar. However, molecular clock dating suggests that the frog's origins may extend further to the Permian and date back to around 265 million years.

How is World Frog Day celebrated?

Celebrating World Frog Day is quite simple. Learn in detail about frogs, their habitat, type and its environmental roles. Increase awareness of the decline of frogs population and the importance of protecting them among the community. Ask them to protect this incredible creature instead of killing them. Help bring about some environmental changes such as reducing pollution, pesticide use prevents them from killing them as they are major threats to frogs. Buy soft toys depicting frogs and give gifts to your children and ask them to draw some pictures of frogs, so that they can also love these hideous creatures and know their importance. Share your thoughts about Frogs and Frog Day on social media using the hashtag #WorldFrogDay.

Yoga | Benefits of yoga | Types of yoga

History of Yoga

Yoga has an extended historical past, it is rather historic. Yoga advanced on the Indian continent over a interval of 5000 years. It has its roots within the Hinduism and Brahmanism, but our up to date western method to yoga has little to do with any explicit perception or faith. However, it may be stated that our up to date western method to yoga is barely a really small portion of what yoga is all about. Yoga is a deep nicely of data which helps quell our thirst for the reality. Yoga incorporates a number of branches of studying which incorporates, Hatha Yoga, the bodily department of yoga everybody within the west is most accustomed to. Yoga, was developed by ascetics dwelling primarily within the southern parts of India. These ascetics led very disciplined lives, they had been vegetarians and so they adhered to a nonviolent philosophy. They lived near the earth, they noticed nature, the animals and themselves. The first photograph to the correct is of Sri Yukteswar, Yogananda's instructor, he was an enlightened grasp ascetic.

Standing in Yoga posture

Vivekananda's words will make it successful

The lessons and inspiration given by Yugpurush Vivekananda can indeed make any person not only successful but also a devotee of the nation. He said and did so much in his youth that history will continue to greet him present and future.

STATUE OF SWAMI VIVEKANANDA

 Know that special 10 things that Vivekananda had somewhere and which he also followed.

1. To think of ourselves as weak is the greatest sin.
2. The greater the struggle, the greater the victory.
3. You cannot believe in God until you believe in yourself.
4. Do one thing at a time and while doing so put your whole soul in it and forget everything else.
5. Learning as long as you live is the best teacher in the experienced world.
6. It is not necessary to have more relationships than life, but it is necessary to have life in relationships.
7. Listen to the heart when there is a fight between heart and mind.
8. Someday, when you do not face any problem and you can be sure that you are walking on the wrong path.
9. First everything good is made fun of, then there is opposition and then it is accepted.
10. Wake up and don't stop until you reach your goal.

MESSAGE FOR YOUTH

Societies should be molded upon truth and truth has not to adjust itself to society. Whatever you think yourself weak you will be. You think yourself strong, strong you will be. Each nation has a main current in life; in India it is religion. Make it strong and the waters on either side must move along with it. Blessed are they whose bodies get destroyed in the service of other.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Scheme

Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Scheme

Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Scheme is a scheme announced by Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi on 01 July 2015. In this scheme, the prices of high quality generic medicines are being reduced by the government below the market price. 'Jan Aushadhi Stores' have been set up by the government, where generic medicines are being made available.

They are drugs with the same chemical composition as its equivalent with the advertised brand name. It is basically the chemical name of a drug. It is comparable to its counterpart with brand name in dosage, strength, quality and performance. Without the brand name generic medicine are available at a Lesser price. Generic drugs can be legally produced in India after the patent time period of twenty years and elapsed.The expiration of a patent removes the monopoly of patent holder on drug sale licensing.

Generic medicines are cheaper than branded or pharma medicines, while they are equally effective. Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Abhiyan is basically to make the public aware so that the public understands that generic medicine is available at a lower price than branded medicine and there is no shortage in quality. Also, generic medicines are available in the market which can be easily obtained.

Under this scheme, with the aim of providing medicines to the common citizens at 60 to 70 percent of the work price from the market, the central government will soon open more than 1000 Jan Aushadhi Kendras across the country.

Any person can apply to start a Jan Aushadhi Kendra, but there are some terms and conditions of it: -

• You must be a citizen of India, hospitals, NGO trusts, pharmacists, doctors can open all those Jan Aushadhi Centers. If you are SC (shedule cast) or ST (Sheduled tribes) and handicapped, then the Government of India will also help you start a Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Kendra with a financial assistance of 50000 Indian Rupees.
• If you want to apply for Jan Aushadhi Kendra, then you must have your Aadhar card and PAN card. If you want to apply for a hospital and NGO, then you will need a certificate of registration of the institution and a PAN card. And the special thing is that you should have a space of 10 square feet, whether it is your own house or a rented room.

Legacy of science and civilization

Religion

Both the kindness and cruelty of nature made humans think about religion and supernatural power. In India, Brahmanism, Dharma or Hinduism developed in an influential form in the earlier period. It also influenced society with art and literature. Jainism and Buddhism also emerged in India along with Brahmanical religion. Buddhism also gradually disappeared from this country, although it had spread to Japan in the east and to Central Asia in the northwest. Jainism remained in India and continued to inspire the development of art and literature here. Even today the followers of this religion are quite numerous, especially among the merchant classes, in Rajasthan, Gujarat and Karnataka.

Chromatic system

The influence of religion in India led to the formation of special types of social classes. The alphabetical rules in India were supported by both the state and religion. The duties of the four classes of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras were superseded by law, and it was believed that this varna system was fixed by divine power. Gradually both Kanun and Dharma changed classes and castes from karmic to natal or hereditary. All this was done so that the Vaishyas would continue to produce and pay taxes and keep on shudra wages so that the Brahmins would remain in the rank of priests and on the principle of division of labor and occupation in the post of Kshatriya rulers, this marvelous dynasty in the initial stage Must have helped in social and economic development.

Varna system was also involved in the development of the state. Both the productive class and the working class, namely, the Vaishyas and the Shudras, were disarmed, and gradually each caste was raised up against the other caste in such a way that the declared classes should not unite against the dominant classes. The result of which is dangerous. The people of the lower classes continued to perform their difficult duties with the conviction that in the next life they would be able to live a life of happiness.

As a result of this belief, there were very few fights between kings, priests, officers, fighters and great nobles, who produced them on the one hand, and those who fed them on the other. Therefore, direct action of bullying with lower classes was not very necessary in ancient India.

Ancient India is considered famous for its contribution in the field of philosophy and spirituality. But materialistic ideology about the world also developed in India. Among the six philosophical methods that emerged in India, we find the elements of the Philosophy philosophy, the founder of which Kapil was born in 580 BC. Took place around According to him, there are means of enlightenment. Direct, guess and word. Sankhyadarshana does not assume the existence of God. According to this, nature is created by God, not God. And the regulation of the world and human life is nature itself.

The biggest credit for solidifying the materialistic world is to Charvak, who took place around the sixth century BCE. The 'Parni' he founded is called Lokayat.He is of the opinion that a person who cannot experience by his senses does not really exist. This implies that God does not exist. But with the decline in trade, crafts and urbanization, suffragism became prominent in philosophy.

The suffragist philosophy states that the world is illusion and illusion. In the Upanishads, people have been preached to stay away from worldly matters and try to gain knowledge. Western thinkers have adopted the Upanishads. Because they are unable to solve the problems created by today's mechanical era.

Craft and technology

• The Indians were highly skilled in dyeing crafts and making different colors. The original colors made in India were so bright and solid that the seductive signs of Ajanta and Ellora are still alive.
• Similarly, the people of India were also extremely skilled in making steel. The art of steel making first developed in India. Indian steel exports to other countries began in ancient times.
• No other country in the world could make steel swords like the Indian artisans. From East Asia to Eastern Europe, these swords were heavily mowed.

Science and mathematics

• In ancient times, religion and science were intertwined. In this country, there was a lot of progress in astronomy, because the planets were considered to be deities and a deep observation of their movement started. Study of the planets also became necessary because they were related to changes in seasons and seasons, and information about these changes was necessary in the work of farming.
• Karana and linguistics originated because the Brahmin priests gave great importance to the purity of the utterances of the Vedas and the hymns.
• In fact, the first result of the scientific view of Indians in relation to language is found in the creation of Sanskrit grammar.
• Panini wrote a grammar which is popularly known as "Ashtadhyayi" in the fourth century BC, by systematically storing the rules of Sanskrit language.
• In the third century BC, the development of mathematics, astronomy and medicine started differently. Ancient Indians made three distinct contributions in the field of mathematics - marking method, decimal system and using zero.
• The earliest example of the spiritual method of Prayong is from the early fifth century CE. Arabs adopted the Indian marking system and spread it to the Western world. This alphabet was used in India centuries before it was propagated in Western countries. Its use is found in the records of Ashoka, written in the third century BC. Indian numerals in English are called Arabic numerals (Arabic Numerals).
• The Indian method was first used by Dashmik. Eminent mathematician Aryabhata (376-500 ६) was familiar with it.
• The Chinese learned this method from Buddhist evangelists, and the Western world learned the Aryans when they came in contact with India.
• Void was invented by Indians in the second century BC. Ever since it was invented, Indian mathematicians began to consider it as a separate number and in this way the use of zero began to be calculated.
• The use of zero in the Arab country is first found in 873 AD. The Arabs learned it from India and spread it to Europe.
• Both Indian and Greek have contributed to algebra, but their knowledge in Western Europe came not from Eunant, but from Arabia, which Arab had gained from India.
• Aryabhata figured out the rule of finding the area of ​​a triangle, which resulted in trigonometry. The most famous book of this period is "Suryasiddhanta". No other such work has been found in contemporary ancient east.
• Aryabhata and Varahamihira were two great scholars in astronomy. Aryabhata took place in the fifth century, and Varahamihira in the sixth century, Aryabhata calculated the status of Prahlinaipai method. He found out the reason for lunar eclipse and solar eclipse.
• He estimated the circumference of the Earth on the basis of estimates which are considered to be pure today. He told that the sun is fixed, the earth rotates.
• The name of Aryabhata's book is "Aryabhatiya". The famous work of Varahamihira is "Brihatsahita", it is from the sixth century AD.
• Varahamihir told that the moon revolves around the earth and the earth revolves around the sun. He took the help of many works of Greeks in the study of planetary communication and other astronomical problems. Although Indian astronomers drew from the knowledge of the Greeks, they carried this knowledge forward and used this knowledge in observing the motion of the planets.

Applied science

• Indian craftsmen contributed greatly to the progress of chemist. Indian painters developed sustainable colors and invented indigo. It has been told earlier that how the Indian blacksmiths made the first steel in the world.
• Medicine In ancient India, the Vaidyas studied anatomy (Anne Tommy). He devised methods to diagnose diseases and suggested medicine for treatment. In the second century of Christ, two great scholars of Ayurveda were born in India - Sushruta and Charaka. In his Sushruta Samhita, Sushruta described the treatment of motirabind, stones and many other diseases. Charaka Samhita of Charaka is an encyclopedia of Indian medicine. It describes many distinctions of fever, leprosy, epilepsy and tuberculosis.
• In ancient times, the ancient Indians gained some knowledge of the ocean voyage and made some contribution to the art of shipbuilding. But since the centers of major political powers were far from the seashore and there was no threat from the sea, the kings of ancient India did not pay special attention to shipping.

How to learn faster for exams

32 TIPS TO LEARN FASTER FOR EXAMS 

Well, as a result of constructing a profitable profession is all about studying new abilities as rapidly as potential. You can’t undergo life with solely the set of abilities you realized in highschool or faculty; you might want to improve them as typically as potential to be on the high of your sport. Constant self-improvement is immediately tied to studying new issues on a regular basis.

It’s easy: you'll all the time be a scholar of one thing, a technique or one other. You will all the time have to study new abilities. There isn't any restrict to perfection.And that will help you increase your studying abilities, we have 32 superior Tips that can rework you into a fast learner. Don’t delay and verify them out now!

Starship Orbital Prototype

Starship prototype in the headlines

Why in discussion?

Recently there was a hop test of Space X's SN5 starship prototype. SN5 stands for "Serial Number 5", a stainless steel test vehicle that is part of the starship spacecraft. There is a controlled test of the hop vehicle flying and landing. The SN5 hop test took place in Boca Chica, South Texas. It blew up about 500 feet and after residing in the sky for about 40 seconds, re-landed at the designated location.

Boca Feugo The Rapter Engine Test SN5

About Starship

It is a reusable rocket built by Space X. The starship is a spacecraft and super heavy booster rocket. It can be used as a reusable transportation system for crew and cargo to Earth's orbit, the Moon and Mars. Space X has described it as the world's most powerful launch vehicle. This vehicle has a carrying capacity of up to 100 m tonnes in the earth's orbit. The starship has been in development since 2012, and is a part of Space X's central mission. The central mission aims to make the journey from one planet to another accessible and affordable. So the Space X company is working on building a reused launch vehicle fleet, capable of transporting humans to Mars and other places in the Solar System.

Advantages of Starship Spacecraft

Falfan will bring the satellite into orbit at a lower price than the launch vehicle. Cargo and crew will take both to the International Space Stein. Human will help deliver large amounts of cargo to the Moon for spaceflight development and research.

Other information

The Space X company plans to take its first cargo mission to Mars by 2022. Plans are also being prepared to carry two cargo ships and two crew ships to Mars by 2024. Space has already built a second prototype SN6 which will be flown during the next test flight. The prototype SN7 is also being built.

Reliance Jio bringing 5G mobile connectivity in partnership with Google

Reliance Jio and Google together have come together to sell 4G and 5G mobiles and smartphones at a very cheap price to all Indians. In fact, companies have made a successful attempt to make entry level affordable smartphones with new technology of Android operating system and play store optimization. It is reported that this mobile and smartphone will be launched on Holi or Deepawali next year.

You will be happy to know that our India is the second country in Asia to bring 5G technology tools. As you know, China's first company has made this achievement. The revolt that India revolted by banning 59 Chinese mobile apk is the result of JIo 5G solution. Just imagine if it were, then India would have taken 5G mobile and smartphone from China as it did in 3G, 4G era.

Mukesh Ambani told in an annual meeting that by next year, Jio has targeted to provide complete 5G solution to its customers. It has also demanded the government to provide spectrum, with the help of which the Jio platform can export its 5G solution to the world. So that India's economy can be good.

Mukesh Ambani wants all citizens in India to have new technology so that they can benefit in every field such as in the field of studies, in the field of cooking, etc. in many options. According to a survey, today in the era of 4G, about 35 crore Indian 2G mobile and 2G internet services are being used in India. And tell us that India is the first country to offer internet services and 4G services at very low prices and Jio is the biggest part of that revolution. Once again, in a new revolution, Google decided to launch a new mobile with Jio, which aims to upgrade 300 million 2G SIM to 4G / 5G service.

 Mukesh Ambani said in the meeting that a total of 14 companies have partnered with us to come forward with us, in which Google will invest Rs 33737 crore for 7.7% stake. With the investment of Google, Jio and these 13 companies, the total figure of investment has reached 1.52 lakh crore.

Google CEO Sundar Pichai said that if a big and prosperous country like India must have good internet options. He told that with the help of big companies like Jio and Google, every citizen will be benefited by it especially to poor Indians. For this, we have in collaboration with Indian telecom company Jio, operating system for Android based smartphones, which will be very fast according to all other operating systems.

Let us tell you that Jio has set an example in the world whether it is 4G data, free calling services, free sms services and whether it is a very cheap smartphone or mobile phone handset. Jio has proved to be boiling gold in India. Just a few years ago, in 2017, Jio landed in the Jio phone market for just Rs 699. Between 2017 and 2018, Jio phone sales reached around 25 million. And in November 2018, Jio launched Jio Phone 2. In which many features of the smartphone were seen almost.

Capicity Building to Combat Terrorism

Introduction:-

• Strong Legal Framework to strengthen security forces even at human rights and constitutional values are protected.
• Terrorism enmeshed in an intricate web of organised crime,illegal financial transfer,trafficking in arm drugs.
• Geopolitical Situation of India - Vulnerable to terrorism .
• Sleeper cells,spread of modern communication ,modern weapons technology, tactics.
• Multi-prolonged action by all organs of government and Society.

Terrorism

Defining is important in order to have special laws for terrorism .Universally acceptable definition is is impossible to arrive at a terrorist for some may be viewed as freedom fighter by others.States may themselves be supporting terrorists.

Depending on the objective of the terror groups,nature of terrorism differs.Terrorist- motivated by different goals, objective.

• Ethno-Nationalistic Terrorism :- Motivated by ethno-nationalism,separalist aspiration (seperate state or country) E.g., LTTE, Insurgent groups in NE India.
• Religions Terrorism :- Motivated either in whole or in part by a religions imperative,They consider violence as a divine duty,This terrorism embrace different means of legitionization and justification.
• Ideology oriented terrorism :- 

Right wing Terrorism:- Seek to maintain conservatives.They may assume racist character too violence against migrants.Religion may play a supportive role to rightist violence.

Left wing Terrorism :- Violence against the ruling Elite by Peasants tribals and labourers. Marx,Mao,Lenin- Provided ideological basis.Revolution to throw away the yoke of exploitation.

• Narco- Terrorism:- Latin America attack by drug traffickers threatening them against police, politicians etc. Attacks by assassination, kidnapping, bombing etc. Acquired different meaning now. Now using drugs as a means of funding.

Feature of Terrorism :-

Political aims,religions,ideological motives,Violence against non combat targets.

Indian Definition :- Focus on the means of terrorism (TADA - 1997, POTA-2002, ULPA-1967) - Bombs, Explosive Substance,chemical etc..

Means of Terrorism :-

• Traditional Tactics :- Attackers using Weapons,bombs,IED,Grenades,Landmines etc.. Hostage taking hijacking,suicide attackers,Kidnapping.
• Environmental Terrorism :- Pre-madicated damage to nature(eco-terrorism is different .It is Protest against environmental distraction). E.g., Kuwait oil wells,Saddam

Weapon of Mass Destruction(WMD) :- Nuclear (N), Biological (B), Chemical(C)

• Nuclear Weapon :- Simplest form of nuclear weapon are highly enriched uranium can be easily built even by non state actors.Terror groups are acquire them.

• Biological weapons:-  Advancement in biotechnology .

Bio-terrorism:- Deliberate release of harmful micro-organism to cause illness or death in people,animals,plants.
E.g.., Bacillus Anthracis

• Chemical weapon :- Like toxic gases etc.

Chemical weapon convention - 1993 Any toxic  Chemical .E.g., nerve agents,sarin,musturd gas etc.

Cyber terrorism

Cyber-terrorism is a criminal act perpetrated by the use of computer and telecommunications capabilities,resulting in violence,destruction,disruption of services to crate fear causing confusion and uncertainty within a given population, with the goal of influencing government or people to conform to a particular political,social or ideological agenda.

Component of cyber terrorism :- 

Computer technology as a facilitator of terrorism used for political propaganda,terrorist recruitment and financing, intra and inter-group communication and coordination,intelligence gathering etc.

Computer technology as a specific component of terrorist weapons or target :- Computer technology based attacks or threats on public utilities and transportation,commercial instis cooperations,individual,political,or ethnic groups,security forces,nation states.

1st Cyber terrorist attack 1998 - Tamil militants Swamped Sri-lankan embassies with email bombs.
1999- kosovo conflict - Russian,serbian,chinese hackers - attacks on NATO databases.
2000- Palestinian Terrorists - attacks on Israeli databases websites

Suicide terrorism :- 

• 1984- Suicide bombing of US marine barracks in Beirut - 1st attack in recent times.
• LTTE - from 1987
• Presi Premadasa - 1993
• Jihadi terrorists -
• kashmir form 1991
• Fidayeen - Sucide terrorists

Indian Foreign Policy Or Foreign relations of India

Definition: -

By foreign policy, any nation tries to ensure its rights and material integrity, national origin and prosperity. Also, it is a set of activities which are successful in adjusting the behavior of a nation to suit their interests.

Coronavirus-A Pythogenic Virus

What is corona virus?

Structure of Corona Virus

Corona virus (COV) belongs to a household of viruses whose an infection could cause issues starting from a cold to breathlessness. This virus has by no means been seen earlier than. The virus an infection began in December in Wuhan, China. According to WHO, fever, cough, shortness of breath are its symptoms. So far no vaccine has been made to stop the virus from spreading.

What are the symptoms of this disease?

As a result of this infection, problems like fever, cold, shortness of breath, runny nose and sore throat arise. This virus spreads from person to person. Therefore, great care is being taken about this. The virus first caught in China in December. It is expected to reach other countries.

What are the preventive measures?

The Ministry of Health has issued guidelines to prevent corona virus. According to them, hands should be washed with soap. Alcohol based hand rub can also be used. Keep your nose and mouth covered with handkerchief or tissue while coughing and peeling. Stay away from people that have cold and flu symptoms. Avoid the consumption of eggs and meat. Avoid contact with wild animals.

China is doing everything possible to stop the virus from spreading. New Year holiday has been extended in China. Due to this virus, the amount of tourists can decrease. This will directly affect China's economy. China's economy is already during a state of lethargy.

Many countries have asked their citizens not to go to Wuhan affected Corona. Many countries have also banned people coming from Wuhan. Russia has also closed its eastern border with China.About 18 years ago there was a similar threat from the SARS virus. In 2002-03, more than 700 people died due to SARS all over the world. Thousands of individuals across the planet were infected by it. It also had an impact on economic activities.

Flamingo Festival,Dal Lake and Khond Tribe

FLAMINGO FESTIVAL

The annual Flamingo Festival will be held near Pulicat Lake in the first week of January -2020.

Main Point:-

• Pulicat lake in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh is famous for its rich biodiversity and high biomass of fish, prawns and plankton.
• Every year around 75 aquatic and terrestrial bird species migrate to the region.
• This time rare rare birds like Black-tailed Godwit and Kentish Plover are also seen here.

Pulicat Lake:-

• It is the second largest salt water lake in the country after Chilka Lake (Odisha).
• Situated on the border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, 96% of this lake comes under Andhra Pradesh and 4% part of Tamil Nadu.
• Pulicat lake is called Pazhavekardu Ari in Tamil language.
• This lake is separated from the Bay of Bengal by Sriharikota which acts like a barrier island.
• Species of birds like Gray Pelican, Painted Stork come here every year.
• Both gray pelicans and painted stork are placed in the "Near Threatened" category on the IUCN Red List.

Dal Lake:-

Dal Lake is located in Srinagar, the capital of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. In Kashmiri language, 'dal' means 'lake'.

• It is famous for tourism and entertainment in Kashmir. It is also called the "Crown of Kashmir" or "Jewel of Srinagar".
• Significantly, it is the second largest lake in Jammu and Kashmir. Wular lake located in Jammu and Kashmir is the largest lake in India along with Jammu and Kashmir.
• Spread over an area of ​​18 kilometers, this lake is surrounded by Shankaracharya hills from three directions. It is part of a natural wetland that includes a floating garden.

1. Floating gardens are known in Kashmiri language as "Raad" in which lotus flowers bloom during July and August.
2. The wetlands are divided into four basins; Gagaribal, Lokut Dal, Bod Dal and Naginn. In the center of both Lokut Daln and Bod Dal is located Dweep, known as ‘Roop Lank’ (or Char Chinari) and ‘Sona Lank’ respectively.

• The major attractions of Dal Lake are houseboats (shikare) which also provide accommodation to tourists in Srinagar.

                                   

Khond Tribe:-

The Khond tribe lives exclusively in the hills and forests of the state of Odisha.

• The tribe speaks Kui (Dravidian language) and its southern dialect Kuvi (Kuwi).
• Most of the Khonds now cultivate rice, but some groups, such as Kuttia Khond, still do jhum agriculture.
• Dongria Khond resides in the Niyamgiri hills of Odisha, which are "Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups-PVTGs".

Particularly weaker tribal groups (PVTGs):-

• PVTGs are more vulnerable in tribal groups. In the year 1973, Dhebar Commission classified Primitive Tribal Groups-PGTs as a separate category.
• In 2006, the Government of India changed the name of PGT to PVTG.
• The 75 tribal groups have been specifically classified as weak tribal groups (PVTGs) by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
• Odisha has the highest number of 75 listed PVTGs.
• Some of the basic features of PVTGs are:

1. Most of the symmetry is found in them.
2. Their physical stature is relatively different.
3. They do not have any written language.