Muhammad Ghori Life History | Invasion of Muhammad Ghori | Death of Muhammad Ghori

Muhammad Ghori- An Analysis

It was Shihabdin alias Mayjuddin Mohammad Ghori who invaded India in the 12th century. Mohammad Ghori always respected his elder brother Ghiyasuddin and held himself under him despite being an independent ruler. After Giyasuddin's death in 1203 AD, Mohammad Ghori assumed the title of Gudjuddin as an independent ruler and Gore Made the capital.

In 1205 AD, Mohammed Ghori lost the fierce Malik Bahauddin Tughril to the Khwarism ruler of Iran in the battle of blindfolding. This defeat proved to be a hidden boon for the Europeans as they now lost their fascination with Asia and had to completely concentrate on India. After Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud Ghaznavi and thereafter Muhammad Ghori invaded India and slaughtered and looted it. The Ottoman Empire in India is attributed to Muhammad Ghori.

Muhammad was the ruler of Ghazni, a small mountainous region between Gauri Ghazni and Herat. The Gori dynasty emerged in the middle of the 12th century. The foundation of the Gore dynasty was laid by Alla-ud-din Jahansoj. After Jahansoj's death, his son Saif-ud-din Gori ascended the throne. Ghori kingdom was the base of northwest Afghanistan. Ghori was initially under Ghajini.

Muhammad Gauri was of Sansabani dynasty. Muhammad Gauri's full name was Shihabuddin Muhammad Ghori. Ghyasuddin Muhammad Gauri was its elder brother. Ghyasuddin Muhammad Gauri established Gore as an independent state in 1163 AD. In 1173 AD, Ghiyasuddin handed over the territory of Ghor to his younger brother Muhammad Ghori and started the struggle against Khwarism by taking possession of Ghazni himself. Muhammad Ghori departed towards India. Muhammad Gauri was an Afghan general. It was also a great conqueror and military operator.

Invasion of Muhammad Ghori

• The purpose of Muhammad Ghori's invasion was different from that of Mahmud Ghaznavi.
• It was interested in looting in India as well as expansion of the Islamic empire. That is why Muhammad Ghori, the founder of the Ottoman Empire in India, is considered.
• Gauri launched the first attack on Multan in 1175 AD. At this time, there were enchanting rulers of Shia faith. They were bandhuds before becoming enchanting Muslims. Gauri had conquered Multan.
• Gauri made a second invasion of Gujarat in 1178 AD, but was defeated by Moolraj II at the junction of Mount Abu. This was the first defeat of Muhammad Ghori in India. This war was conducted by the heroine Devi, who was the wife of Mulraj.
• Taking a lesson from this war, Gauri first started efforts to take possession of India over Punjab.
• Punjab was conquered between 1179-86 AD.
• In 1179 AD, Sylkot was captured.
• By 1186 AD, Gauri had conquered Lahore, Shyalkot and Bhrittinda. Prithviraj Chauhan III had authority over Tabarhind. Tabarhind was the border area of ​​Prithviraj Chauhan. Gauri had taken control over it, due to which war between Gauri Wachauhan became inevitable.

First Battle of Tarain

In 1194 AD, Prithviraj III defeated Gauri in the first battle of Tarain but could not exhaust his power.

Second Battle of Tarain

• In 1192 AD, Gauri defeated Prithviraj III and conquered areas up to Ajmer and Delhi and with this the Chauhan empire was destroyed. The feudal king of Prithviraj and the Tomar ruler Govindaraja of Delhi died in the Second Battle of Tarain.
• According to Chandbardai, after the defeat in the war, Prithviraj III was taken captive and taken to Ghazni. Muhammad Ghori was killed by dropping the arrow.
• According to Hasam Nizami, after being defeated in the war, Prithviraj accepted subjugation and Gauri ruled him under Ajmer. Further tried to revolt against Gauri in which Prithviraj was killed. Most scholars accept this, which is confirmed by the coins obtained from Ajmer, in which on one side is written the horse shape and Muhammad-bin-Saam. On the other side, the shape of a bull is made and Prithviraj is written.
• After 1192 AD, Gauri declared his slave Aibak the administrator of Indian territories.
• Two commanders of Gauri, Qutubuddin Aibak and Bakhtiar Khilji, started conquering Indian territories after 1194 AD.
• Bakhtiyar Khilji won the western region of Bihar and Bengal from the Sena ruler Laxmansen and during this time he destroyed universities like Nalanda University, Vikramshila (Bihar) and Odantipur (Bengal).
• Bakhtiar Khilji was defeated by the Magh ruler of Assam and in 1205 AD, Muhammad Ghori was killed by Bakhtiyar Khilji's military officer, Alimardan.
• Qutbuddin Aibak attacked Bhil II, ruler of Anhilwada in 1195 AD but Aibak was defeated.
• Aibak invaded Anhilvada again in 1197 AD and looted it.Bhim II did not accept subjugation but his economic condition was deteriorated by successive wars. Therefore, after Bhima's death, the Baghel dynasty was established in Gujarat in place of Solanki dynasty.
• In 1203 A.D., Aibak conquered Kalinjar from the Chandela ruler Paramardidev.

Death of muhammad gauri

• In 1206 AD, Muhammad Ghauri made a final attack on India to suppress the rebellion of the Khokhar tribe of Punjab and during this campaign Gauri was killed near West Pakistan.
• Gandhi appointed his slaves as his successor before his death.
• Gandhi had run some coins bearing the shape of Lakshmi.

After Gauri's death, his empire was divided into three of his principal slaves: -

1. Qutbuddin Aibak - Indian Territory. Aibak made Delhi the center of the Islamic empire.
2. Tajuddin Yaldoz - Ghazni region.
3. Nasiruddeen Kubacha - Upper and Sindh (Pakistan)

• Ghori set up an army under Indraprastha under the leadership of his trusted assistant 'Aibak' whose task was to make a treaty with the Hindu rulers and suppress the rebellion. Hence Aibak's first head office was Indraprastha near Delhi. Here in Ajmer, Hariraj tried to free the Chauhans by removing Govindaraja but lost to Aibak. Henceforth (1194 AD), Ajmer took Ajmer under his direct control.

 Qutbuddin Aibak built two architecture: -

1. Built the first mosque in Delhi called Kuwait-ul-Islam.
2. In 1196 AD, the Sanskrit University, built by Vigrahaja IV (Visaladeva) in Ajmer, was torn down and started building a two-and-a-half-day mosque called Jhopra, which was completed in 1200 AD.

Cultural achievement

• Fakhruddin Raji and Nazami Uruji were in Ghori's court.
• Gori carried coins bearing the figures of Hindu Goddess Lakshmi and Nandi, on which Mohammed bin Sama is written in Devanagari script.
• Iqta system in India was started by Mohammad Ghori.

Iqta arrangement

The meaning of iqta is - to provide land in the form of salary in place of money. The iqta system started outside India in Persia (Iran) region and in West Asia. Qutbuddin Aibak was the first iqta of Hansi (Haryana) given by Muhammad Ghani in India as the field Iqta. Shortly thereafter, the area of ​​Uchh (Sindh) was given to Nasiruddin Qubacha by Muhammad Ghauri as Iqta. But administratively Iqta was founded by Iltutmish. Iltutmish started the 'Ekta' system.

There were two types of iqta: -

• Big iqta - Such areas were given to important rich and military officers. These Iqtedar Iqta used to do revenue and land as well as military and administrative duties.
• Chhoti Iqta - These were usually provided to soldiers as salary. Equity related to these used to collect only revenue.

Why was the iqta system needed?

The iqta system began with the need of the early Turkish sultans. The areas of the Sultanate situated away from the capital, which could not easily recover revenue, were given by the Sultan as a unit. These units were provided in lieu of administrative and military service of the Sultan.

In this way, the sultans divided the units and established the influence of the sultanate in the border areas and also collected revenue regularly. On the other hand, the officer concerned got an area under him, in which he could get the revenue according to his ability. Iltutmish distributed 2000 iqtas to the Turkish Amirs to break the power of Hindu zamindars in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab.

Equatorial Functions

• Iqtadar used to carry out administrative and military functions in his iqta. From the revenue received from Iqta, he used to take his salary and administrative and military expenses and deposit the remaining amount in the Sultan's treasury. This remaining amount was called Fawazil.
• Iqtadar ruled under the name of Sultan in his Iqta, his position was not hereditary. And Ikedar did not even have the right to run coins.
• The post of Equator was transferable. From time to time, the sultan transferred the Iktadars. Here the authority of the Sultan is reflected on the Iktaedar. Thus the Sultan had more control over his equators in the Rajput period feudal lordship.
• Feroze Tughlaq had inherited the post of Ikedar.

Equity system faults

Equaters generally used to do indecency by manipulating the income and expenses of the iqta. Different sultans took different steps to prevent this and to establish control over the ektadars, such as-

• Balban appointed an officer named Khwaja, who used to assess the income of Iqta land.
• Alauddin emphasized the transfer of Iktadars and did not put any Iktadar in one Ikte for more than 3 years. In addition, it increased the intervention of the central administration in the Iqta system.
• Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq separately prescribed the personal income of the Iqtedar and the salary of the soldiers under him.
• Muhammad bin Tughluq imposed extreme control over the Iqtadars. He appointed an officer named Amir in the Iqta region equivalent to the Iqtadars who administered the administration of the Iqtas, while allowing the right of recovery to the Iqtadar.
• Similarly, Muhammad bin Tughluq announced the payment of cash salary from the central treasury to the soldiers under Iqtedar, due to this excessive control, the Iqtadars revolted during the time of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
• Mahmud Ghaznavi was a born general. He never lost any of his campaigns whether in India or in Central Asia. Mohammad Ghori was defeated on several occasions but it was characterized by his extraordinary ability to recover from defeats and rectify mistakes.
• Mahmud Ghaznavi is credited with entering into the land of India. However, Mohammad Ghori has the credit for laying the foundation of Muslim state in India. However, the foundation was laid by Mahmud Ghaznavi on which Ghori built the building of the Turkish empire.
• did. Because Ghaznavi had taken control of Punjab and broke India's advance security line.
• Both pursued religion in fulfillment of their objectives.

Actually both had different situations and challenges and both met their primary objectives and hence both are successful. While Mahmud Ghaznavi was to gain the wealth of Hind, Ghori was to establish an empire in Hind.