1/01/2021

Quiz on International Appointments 2020

INTERNATION APPOINTMENT 2020

 Please Subscribe Our YouTube Channel :- Click Here


International Appointment 2020

1. अमेरिका के 46 वे राष्ट्रपति कौन बने है ?





ANSWER= (B) जो बाइडेन

 

2. "कमला हैरिस" किस देश की पहली महिला उपराष्ट्रपति बनी है ?





ANSWER= (C) अमेरिका

 

3. "शेख सबाह अल-खालिद अल-हमद अल-सबाह" दिसम्बर 2020 में किस देश के प्रधानमंत्री नियुक्त हुए है ?





ANSWER= (B) कुवैत

 

4. हाल ही में रूस के नए प्रधानमंत्री कौन बने है?





ANSWER= (A) मिखाइल मिशुस्टिन

 

5. विश्व में किस देश ने "विश्व की सबसे युवा प्रधानमंत्री" को नियुक्त किया है ?





ANSWER= (D) फिनलैंड

 

6. "जीन कास्टेक्स" जुलाई 2020 में किस देश के प्रधानमंत्री नियुक्त किए गए हैं ?





ANSWER= (C) फ्रांस

 

7. "योशिहिदे सुगा" सितंबर 2020 में जापान के प्रधानमंत्री बने हैं , इनके पहले जापान के प्रधानमंत्री कौन थे ?





ANSWER= (A) शिंजो अबे

 

8. "हाल ही में सिंगापुर के नए प्रधानमंत्री कौन नियुक्त किए गए हैं ?





ANSWER= (A) ली सिएन लूंग

 

9. "चंद्रिका प्रसाद संतोखी" किस देश के राष्ट्रपति नियुक्त किए गए हैं ?





ANSWER= (B) सूरीनाम

 

10. हाल ही में तंजानिया के नए राष्ट्रपति कौन बनाए गए हैं ?





ANSWER= (D) जॉन पोम्बे मागुफुली

 

11. "साई इंग वेन" किस देश की महिला राष्ट्रपति पुनः नियुक्त की गई है ?





ANSWER= (C) ताइवान

 

12. दिसंबर 2019 में "मॉरीशस का राष्ट्रपति" किसे नियुक्त किया गया है ?





ANSWER= (A) पृथ्वीराज सिंह

 

13. नवंबर 2019 में श्रीलंका के राष्ट्रपति कौन नियुक्त किए गए हैं ?





ANSWER= (A) महिंद्रा राजपक्षे

 

14. मुस्तफा अल-कादमी 2020 में किस देश के प्रधानमंत्री नियुक्त किए गए हैं ?





ANSWER= (D) इराक

 

15. अक्टूबर 2019 में जोको विडोडो किस देश के पुनः राष्ट्रपति बने हैं ?





ANSWER= (D) इराक

 

16. अक्टूबर 2020 में किसे फिनलैंड का 1 दिन का प्रधानमंत्री बनाया गया है ?





ANSWER= (C) एवा मुर्टो

 

17. "डेनिस शिंगल" हल ही में किस देश के प्रधानमंत्री नियुक्त किये गए है ?





ANSWER= (D) यूक्रेन

 

18. "आंद्रेजा डूडा" 2020 में किस यूरोपीय देश के राष्ट्रपति नियुक्त किये गए है ?





ANSWER= (A) पोलैंड

 

19. हल ही में लेबनान के नए प्रधानमंत्री कौन बने है ?





ANSWER= (C) साद अल हरीरी

 

20. 2020 में मलेशिया के नए प्रधानमंत्री किसे नियुक्त किया गया है ?





ANSWER= (B) मोहद्दीन यासीन

 

21. "Khalid bin Khalifa bin Abdulaziz Al Thani" किस एशियाई देश के प्रधानमंत्री बनाये गए है ?





ANSWER= (D) कतर

 

22. वेवेल रामखेलावन जो कि अक्टूबर 2020 में सेशेल्स के राष्ट्रपति बने है, भारत के किस राज्य से सम्बंधित है ?





ANSWER= (A) बिहार

 

23. हाल ही में आयरलैंड के नए प्रधानमंत्री कौन नियुक्त किये गए है ?





ANSWER= (C) माइकल मार्टिन

 

24. 2020 में पांचवी बार इजराइल के प्रधानमंत्री कौन बने है ?





ANSWER= (B) बेंजामिन ननेतन्याहू

 

25. हाल ही में पेरु के प्रधानमंत्री कौन नियुक्त किए गए हैं?





ANSWER= (A) वाल्टर रोजर मार्टोस रुइज़

 

26. ऑस्ट्रेलिया के वर्तमान प्रधानमंत्री कौन हैं ?





ANSWER= (C) स्कॉट मॉरिसन

 

27. 2021 में भारतीय गणतंत्र दिवस का मुख्य अतिथि किसे बनाया गया है ?





ANSWER= (A) बोरिस जॉनसन

11/29/2020

Vivekananda's words will make it successful

Vivekananda's words will make it successful

The lessons and inspiration given by Yugpurush Vivekananda can indeed make any person not only successful but also a devotee of the nation. He said and did so much in his youth that history will continue to greet him present and future.

    STATUE OF SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
    STATUE OF SWAMI VIVEKANANDA

     Know that special 10 things that Vivekananda had somewhere and which he also followed.

    1. To think of ourselves as weak is the greatest sin.
    2. The greater the struggle, the greater the victory.
    3. You cannot believe in God until you believe in yourself.
    4. Do one thing at a time and while doing so put your whole soul in it and forget everything else.
    5. Learning as long as you live is the best teacher in the experienced world.
    6. It is not necessary to have more relationships than life, but it is necessary to have life in relationships.
    7. Listen to the heart when there is a fight between heart and mind.
    8. Someday, when you do not face any problem and you can be sure that you are walking on the wrong path.
    9. First everything good is made fun of, then there is opposition and then it is accepted.
    10. Wake up and don't stop until you reach your goal.

    MESSAGE FOR YOUTH

    Societies should be molded upon truth and truth has not to adjust itself to society. Whatever you think yourself weak you will be. You think yourself strong, strong you will be. Each nation has a main current in life; in India it is religion. Make it strong and the waters on either side must move along with it. Blessed are they whose bodies get destroyed in the service of other.

    11/14/2020

    Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Scheme

    Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Scheme

    Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Scheme is a scheme announced by Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi on 01 July 2015. In this scheme, the prices of high quality generic medicines are being reduced by the government below the market price. 'Jan Aushadhi Stores' have been set up by the government, where generic medicines are being made available.

    They are drugs with the same chemical composition as its equivalent with the advertised brand name. It is basically the chemical name of a drug. It is comparable to its counterpart with brand name in dosage, strength, quality and performance. Without the brand name generic medicine are available at a Lesser price. Generic drugs can be legally produced in India after the patent time period of twenty years and elapsed.The expiration of a patent removes the monopoly of patent holder on drug sale licensing.

    Padhan mantri jan ausadhi kendra
    Generic medicines are cheaper than branded or pharma medicines, while they are equally effective. Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Abhiyan is basically to make the public aware so that the public understands that generic medicine is available at a lower price than branded medicine and there is no shortage in quality. Also, generic medicines are available in the market which can be easily obtained.

    Under this scheme, with the aim of providing medicines to the common citizens at 60 to 70 percent of the work price from the market, the central government will soon open more than 1000 Jan Aushadhi Kendras across the country.

    Any person can apply to start a Jan Aushadhi Kendra, but there are some terms and conditions of it: -

    • You must be a citizen of India, hospitals, NGO trusts, pharmacists, doctors can open all those Jan Aushadhi Centers. If you are SC (shedule cast) or ST (Sheduled tribes) and handicapped, then the Government of India will also help you start a Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Kendra with a financial assistance of 50000 Indian Rupees.
    • If you want to apply for Jan Aushadhi Kendra, then you must have your Aadhar card and PAN card. If you want to apply for a hospital and NGO, then you will need a certificate of registration of the institution and a PAN card. And the special thing is that you should have a space of 10 square feet, whether it is your own house or a rented room.

    10/30/2020

    Source of Indian Constitution

    Source of Indian Constitution 

    Approximately 75% of the Constitution can be said to be a reproduction of the Rights of India Act, 1935 with appropriate adaptations and amendments. Regulation of Union-State relations was based largely on the law of 1935, the basic structure of politics and provisions, declaration of emergency, etc.


    Apart from the indigenous sources, the Constituent Assembly had several drafts of the first foreign constitutions.Both internal and external hymns have been used in the Indian constitution.

    (1)Internal source means: - Acts brought in India during the British Session period were used for peace.

    Government of India Act 1935

    • Out of 395 articles, 250 articles have been taken from the same governing act.
    • Judiciary
    • Accountant General Controller Testing
    • Public Service Commission

    (2)External source means: - Derived from the constitution of different countries.

    From the UK :-

    • Signal Head - President (Like Queen)
    • Cabinet system of ministers
    • Prime Minister's post
    • Parliamentary Type of Government
    • Bicameral parliament
    • Lower house is more powerful
    • Council of Ministers of the lower house responsible
    • Speaker in Lok Sabha
    • Single citizenship

    From the United States

    • Written constitution
    • The executive head of the state is known as the president and is the supreme commander of the armed forces.
    • The President as the ex-officio President of the Deputy Rajya Sabha
    • Fundamental Rights
    • High court
    • Provision of states
    • Independence of judiciary and judicial review
    • Preface
    • End of Supreme Court and High Court Judges

    From the then Soviet Union

    • Fundamental Duties
    • Five yearly plan

    From Australia

    • Concurrent list
    • Preface language
    • Provisions regarding trade, commerce and intercourse

    From France

    • Equality, Freedom, Fraternity and Republic

    From Japan

    • The highest court of law acts.

    From the Weimar Constitution of Germany

    • Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency

    From South Africa

    • Constitutional amendment process

    From Canada

    • Union plan with a strong center
    • Distribution of rights between the Center and the States and keeping the residual rights with the Center.

    From Ireland

    • Concept of Directive Principles of State Policy. (Ireland has borrowed from Spain)
    • Law of election of president
    • Nomination of members in Rajya Sabha by President

    9/29/2020

    Legacy of science and civilization

    Legacy of science and civilization

    Religion

    Religion


    Both the kindness and cruelty of nature made humans think about religion and supernatural power. In India, Brahmanism, Dharma or Hinduism developed in an influential form in the earlier period. It also influenced society with art and literature. Jainism and Buddhism also emerged in India along with Brahmanical religion. Buddhism also gradually disappeared from this country, although it had spread to Japan in the east and to Central Asia in the northwest. Jainism remained in India and continued to inspire the development of art and literature here. Even today the followers of this religion are quite numerous, especially among the merchant classes, in Rajasthan, Gujarat and Karnataka.

    Chromatic system

    The influence of religion in India led to the formation of special types of social classes. The alphabetical rules in India were supported by both the state and religion. The duties of the four classes of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras were superseded by law, and it was believed that this varna system was fixed by divine power. Gradually both Kanun and Dharma changed classes and castes from karmic to natal or hereditary. All this was done so that the Vaishyas would continue to produce and pay taxes and keep on shudra wages so that the Brahmins would remain in the rank of priests and on the principle of division of labor and occupation in the post of Kshatriya rulers, this marvelous dynasty in the initial stage Must have helped in social and economic development.

    Varna Vyavastha

    Varna system was also involved in the development of the state. Both the productive class and the working class, namely, the Vaishyas and the Shudras, were disarmed, and gradually each caste was raised up against the other caste in such a way that the declared classes should not unite against the dominant classes. The result of which is dangerous. The people of the lower classes continued to perform their difficult duties with the conviction that in the next life they would be able to live a life of happiness.

    As a result of this belief, there were very few fights between kings, priests, officers, fighters and great nobles, who produced them on the one hand, and those who fed them on the other. Therefore, direct action of bullying with lower classes was not very necessary in ancient India.
    Ancient India is considered famous for its contribution in the field of philosophy and spirituality. But materialistic ideology about the world also developed in India. Among the six philosophical methods that emerged in India, we find the elements of the Philosophy philosophy, the founder of which Kapil was born in 580 BC. Took place around According to him, there are means of enlightenment. Direct, guess and word. Sankhyadarshana does not assume the existence of God. According to this, nature is created by God, not God. And the regulation of the world and human life is nature itself.

    The biggest credit for solidifying the materialistic world is to Charvak, who took place around the sixth century BCE. The 'Parni' he founded is called Lokayat.He is of the opinion that a person who cannot experience by his senses does not really exist. This implies that God does not exist. But with the decline in trade, crafts and urbanization, suffragism became prominent in philosophy.
    The suffragist philosophy states that the world is illusion and illusion. In the Upanishads, people have been preached to stay away from worldly matters and try to gain knowledge. Western thinkers have adopted the Upanishads. Because they are unable to solve the problems created by today's mechanical era.

    Craft and technology

    • The Indians were highly skilled in dyeing crafts and making different colors. The original colors made in India were so bright and solid that the seductive signs of Ajanta and Ellora are still alive.
    • Similarly, the people of India were also extremely skilled in making steel. The art of steel making first developed in India. Indian steel exports to other countries began in ancient times.
    • No other country in the world could make steel swords like the Indian artisans. From East Asia to Eastern Europe, these swords were heavily mowed.

    Science and mathematics

    Science and Mathematics
    • In ancient times, religion and science were intertwined. In this country, there was a lot of progress in astronomy, because the planets were considered to be deities and a deep observation of their movement started. Study of the planets also became necessary because they were related to changes in seasons and seasons, and information about these changes was necessary in the work of farming.
    • Karana and linguistics originated because the Brahmin priests gave great importance to the purity of the utterances of the Vedas and the hymns.
    • In fact, the first result of the scientific view of Indians in relation to language is found in the creation of Sanskrit grammar.
    • Panini wrote a grammar which is popularly known as "Ashtadhyayi" in the fourth century BC, by systematically storing the rules of Sanskrit language.
    • In the third century BC, the development of mathematics, astronomy and medicine started differently. Ancient Indians made three distinct contributions in the field of mathematics - marking method, decimal system and using zero.
    • The earliest example of the spiritual method of Prayong is from the early fifth century CE. Arabs adopted the Indian marking system and spread it to the Western world. This alphabet was used in India centuries before it was propagated in Western countries. Its use is found in the records of Ashoka, written in the third century BC. Indian numerals in English are called Arabic numerals (Arabic Numerals).
    • The Indian method was first used by Dashmik. Eminent mathematician Aryabhata (376-500 ६) was familiar with it.
    • The Chinese learned this method from Buddhist evangelists, and the Western world learned the Aryans when they came in contact with India.
    • Void was invented by Indians in the second century BC. Ever since it was invented, Indian mathematicians began to consider it as a separate number and in this way the use of zero began to be calculated.
    • The use of zero in the Arab country is first found in 873 AD. The Arabs learned it from India and spread it to Europe.
    • Both Indian and Greek have contributed to algebra, but their knowledge in Western Europe came not from Eunant, but from Arabia, which Arab had gained from India.
    • Aryabhata figured out the rule of finding the area of ​​a triangle, which resulted in trigonometry. The most famous book of this period is "Suryasiddhanta". No other such work has been found in contemporary ancient east.
    • Aryabhata and Varahamihira were two great scholars in astronomy. Aryabhata took place in the fifth century, and Varahamihira in the sixth century, Aryabhata calculated the status of Prahlinaipai method. He found out the reason for lunar eclipse and solar eclipse.
    • He estimated the circumference of the Earth on the basis of estimates which are considered to be pure today. He told that the sun is fixed, the earth rotates.
    • The name of Aryabhata's book is "Aryabhatiya". The famous work of Varahamihira is "Brihatsahita", it is from the sixth century AD.
    • Varahamihir told that the moon revolves around the earth and the earth revolves around the sun. He took the help of many works of Greeks in the study of planetary communication and other astronomical problems. Although Indian astronomers drew from the knowledge of the Greeks, they carried this knowledge forward and used this knowledge in observing the motion of the planets.

    Applied science

    • Indian craftsmen contributed greatly to the progress of chemist. Indian painters developed sustainable colors and invented indigo. It has been told earlier that how the Indian blacksmiths made the first steel in the world.
    • Medicine In ancient India, the Vaidyas studied anatomy (Anne Tommy). He devised methods to diagnose diseases and suggested medicine for treatment. In the second century of Christ, two great scholars of Ayurveda were born in India - Sushruta and Charaka. In his Sushruta Samhita, Sushruta described the treatment of motirabind, stones and many other diseases. Charaka Samhita of Charaka is an encyclopedia of Indian medicine. It describes many distinctions of fever, leprosy, epilepsy and tuberculosis.
    • In ancient times, the ancient Indians gained some knowledge of the ocean voyage and made some contribution to the art of shipbuilding. But since the centers of major political powers were far from the seashore and there was no threat from the sea, the kings of ancient India did not pay special attention to shipping.


    8/29/2020

    Formation of Galaxy | Origin of the Universe | Big Bang Theory

    Origin of the Universe

    Introduction:-

    The vast vast space around us is called the universe and it includes all the bodies like distant stars, planets, satellites as well as the earth and all the matter on it. In other words, the universe, from the smallest molecules to the giant galaxies, is called the universe.

    There is a lack of adequate knowledge regarding the size and extent of the universe. However, it is estimated that there are about 100 billion celestials in the universe and 100 billion stars in each. The Sun, which is the basis of life on our planet, is the only star in this universe of billions of stars. Earth on the other hand is similar to a small point in this vast space called the universe. 

    Galaxy Formation and Evolution
    Galaxy Formation and Evolution

    Earth is one of the eight planets, all these planets revolve around the Sun. These billions of stars present in the universe are not evenly distributed in space. These stars occur in groups (or clusters) called galaxies. Thus, in order to study the structure of this universe, we will first discuss the galaxies, stars, planets, satellites etc. located in the universe.

    Distance measuring unit in the universe


    • Extremely large distances between various celestial bodies, stars and planets can be expressed in the astronomical unit Light Years and Parsec.
    • The astronomical unit is defined as the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. An astronomical unit is equal to 1.5 X 108 km.
    • The distance traveled by light in a year is called light year. It is equal to a distance of 9.46 X 1012 km.
    • Parsec: Parsec is used in astronomy. Its length is based on trigonometric angle, an ancient method of measuring distances between stars. It tells the distance at which the radius of the Earth's orbit shifts the angle of the circle in one second. A parsec equates to a distance of about 30.86 ptometers, 3.26 light years or 30.9 trillion km.

    Origin of the Universe (Galaxy formation and Evolution)

    The universal theory of the origin of the universe is the Big Bang theory. It is also called the extended universe hypothesis. In 1920, Edwin Habbal testified that the universe was expanding. With the passage of time, galaxies are moving away from each other.


    The expansion of the universe here means increasing the distance between galaxies. Scientists believe
    is that the distance between galaxies is increasing, but observations do not prove the expansion of the sky. Hoyle proposed the permanent state concept as an alternative. According to them, the universe has always been the same, it has neither started nor end. Although the scientific community now supports the universe expansion theory, after getting many evidences regarding the expansion of the universe.

    States of Big Bang Theory

    Initially, all the substances from which the universe originated were located in the same place as a single atom. Whose volume was extremely low and temperature and density were infinite.
    In the process of Big Bang, it caused a huge explosion in the very small ball. This type of explosion process led to a wide expansion. There is now a general consensus among astronomers about the fact that the incident of Bigbang occurred 13.7 billion years ago.


    The expansion of the universe continues even today. Some energy was converted into matter due to expansion. After the explosion, a large expansion took place within a short span of one second. After this the pace of expansion slowed down. The first atom was formed within the first three minutes of the Big Bang. During the 3 million years from the Big Bang, temperatures dropped to 4500 degrees Kelvin and atomic materials were formed.

    Evidence in support of the big bang theory

    Evidence: -
    Red shift phenomenon in relation to galaxies: If the distance of the light source increases from us, the frequency of received light will be virtual and this frequency will migrate towards the red character of the visible spectrum.
    Explanation: -
    Other skies are rapidly moving away from us.



    Evidence: -
    As the distance between galaxies increases, the red shift of its light is greater.
    Explanation: -
    The best explanation of this is that the whole Universe is expanding. This supports the theory that the universe may have originated with an explosion.
    Evidence: -
    Cosmic microwave radiation background
    Explanation: -
    The relatively uniform cosmic microwave radiation is a residue of energy produced immediately after the Big Bang.

    Milky Way

    It is a group of stars that are bound together by their own gravitational force.

    Its main features are:
    • It is spiral.
    • Its diameter is about 100,000 light years and its size is stunning.
    • It is rotating counterclockwise at its center.
    • All the stars (along with the solar system as well as the Sun) revolve around the center of the galaxy.
    • The star disk is quite thick at the center, representing a relatively high concentration of stars at the center of the galaxy.
    • The distance of the Sun from its center is quite large (about 27000 light years).

    8/28/2020

    Microclimate | Types of Microclimate

    Micro-climate 

    Micro-climate means a garden, park, valley, or a part of a city. The small area has a specific climate. Weather-related changes in temperature, rainfall, air or humidity, which occur in micro-climates, may be somewhat different from the conditions in the entire region. Several factors are responsible for the micro-climate. like:

    Microclimate

    1. The ability to maintain heat in urban areas
    2. Mountain slopes
    3. Absence of vegetation in areas such as the city's Central Business District (CBD)
    4. Intensive vegetation presence in protected areas
    5. Types of soil
    Different types of micro-climate exist in different types of environment on the surface of the Earth:

    1-Upland Regions   

    • The altitude areas have a distinct type of climate, which is different from the surrounding lowlands. Generally there is a decrease in altitude as well as temperature which depends on the humidity of the air. It is noteworthy that the rate of temperature drop is between 5 and 10 degrees Celsius per 1000 meters. This means that even the areas at normal elevation are on average much cooler.
    • Occasionally, the air in areas at high altitudes becomes warm due to temperature derivatives, but such conditions do not exist for long. Temperatures in high mountainous and mountainous regions are, on average, so low that winters are too long and summers are too short.
    • Catabatic air also creates cool conditions in the valleys. It is because of these conditions that the plants and animals found here differ from those living in the lower places.

    2-Coastal area

    • The climate of coastal areas is affected by both land and sea as coastal areas form a boundary line between terrestrial and oceanic regions. Due to the thermal properties of the water, the daily sea temperature is relatively constant against the site. The seas take longer to warm up during summers and conversely, it also takes longer to cool during winters.
    • Coastal micro-climates exhibit different types of characteristics, depending on the variations of the surface. In tropical regions there is little change in sea temperature. The coastal climate is affected by the daytime heating in terrestrial areas and the cooling process in the night.
    • In temperate latitudes, the coastal climate is more affected by the sea area than the site. In winter the coastal parts are pleasant compared to the interior areas and cool in summer. Due to the presence of snow around the polar regions, the temperature of the sea areas is low. The position of the coast in these areas varies due to the melting of ice and the re-freezing of sea water.

    3-Forest Regions

    Although tropical rainforests are found on only about 6% of the Earth's surface, they contribute significantly to the transfer of atmospheric water vapor. This process is caused by the evaporation of green leaves. The forest areas are less windy and cool than their surrounding grasslands. The reason for this is that trees block the way of air and also block the fraction of sun radiation from them.

    4-Urban Regions

    Urban areas are the most complex of all microclimate areas. The temperature of these areas is higher than the surrounding areas. The details of rainfall in a town or city depends very much on the topography of the area. For example, the amount of rainfall is found more in hilly areas and lowest in lowlands. In fact, the nature of rainfall varies throughout the year in these areas. In summer, the rainfall is generally showery in nature and in the short time more rainfall is received. Usually this rainfall is more intense than in winter.

    4.1-Urban Climate

    Green regions of the world have a distinct type of climate different from regional characteristics. Today the process of rapid urbanization has drastically changed the physical environment. This climate change is a clear example of the role of humans. There has also been a change in the surface energy, humidity and wind speed conditions of the urban climate.

    City-Rain-Women-Urban-Climate-Umbrella
    City-Rain-Women-Urban-Climate-Umbrella
    • Urban development constrains the surface and climatic characteristics of the atmosphere. Land use change, desalination, drainage and construction projects create a new micro-climate around them and a group of these diverse human-affected micro-climates create an urban climate. The urban area has also changed the composition of air, temperature and rainfall etc.
    • Wind speeds are slower than open areas due to the structure of the resistant nature of cities. During the daytime, the speed of the winds in the cities is much slower than the surrounding areas but at night, the disturbance varies over the cities. The strongest winds prevail in the rural-urban transition areas and its effects are more pronounced in winter than in summer.
    • Most urban areas being built from concrete (concreteization) absorb much less water per area than rural areas. For this reason, heavy rainfall in some areas increases the risk of local urban flooding and specific measures need to be taken to reduce this risk. Due to heavy construction activities in floodplains, both duration and intensity of urban floods increase.
    • Cities tend to have lower humidity than rural or forest covered areas. Due to the concrete surface, water runoff becomes faster. Low vegetation cover and general absence of water bodies in urban areas also reduce humidity and evaporation.
    • On the other hand it seems that in some circumstances the thermal and turbulent conditions of cities cause rain or thunderstorms. Urban areas sometimes receive more rainfall and storms than surrounding areas. As a result, these areas grow relatively.
    • Pressure fluctuations are much greater during winter than in summer. During the winter the average high pressure system is found to have more high pressure and lower pressure system with lower pressure. This causes more rapid flow of air in this system. Due to this instability, much variation in temperature is observed during winter. Although most days of summertime have almost the same temperature, the temperature of winter season fluctuates dramatically.

    4.2- Urban Heat Island

    Temperature is generally higher in urban areas than in open and rural areas. The most important reason for this is that the amount of sunlight absorbed during the day by the buildings and other concrete construction of the city is radiated at night. Temperatures are generally higher during the day than at night and this is even more pronounced when the air flow is slow.

    Microclimate-Urban heat climate

    Urban heat island (UHI) is a metropolitan area that is much warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The temperature difference between the urban center and its surrounding areas is excessive, which can be up to 10 ° C.

    The following factors are responsible for the construction of the urban heat island:
    • High buildings: High buildings, narrow lanes cause a decrease in net long wave radiation, as these buildings decrease the visibility of the sky. Different surfaces are provided for the reflection and absorption of sunlight by tall buildings, which increases the heating efficiency of urban areas.
    • Heat absorbing structural structures: For example, concrete used in buildings absorbs more sunlight due to the thermal properties of asphalt. Later this heat is released at a slow rate in the form of long waves, which slows down the cooling process.
    • Population growth: As the population increases in urban areas, the average temperature also increases with the expansion of the area. For example, in Los Angeles, there was rapid urban development after World War II, which caused the average temperature in urban areas to increase by about 0.5 ° C each decade.
    • Pollution: The chemicals emitted by vehicles and industries also react differently in sunlight, due to which often more heat is produced. Blanketing effect generated by atmospheric pollution in the Earth's radiation is also a cause of heat.
    • Absence of vegetation: Due to the land without vegetation, the rate of evaporation is low. Also, the various benefits (shade and cooling effect, albido) effect they get and the absorption of carbon dioxide deprive urban areas.
    • Industrial and Household Appliances: Direct emission of heat is caused by industries and homes in urban areas.

    Microclimate-Urban heat climate

    The urban heat island effect of different cities varies according to the urban structure as well as the temperature range also varies. Parks and green belts help to reduce temperatures while the Central Business District (CBD), commercial areas and even suburban residential areas are high-temperature areas. Each house, building and street affects the micro-climate around them and thus contribute to the urban heat island effect.

    Impact on Urban dwellers

    • A lot of energy is consumed to keep buildings cool.
    • The urban heat island effect increases the production of pollutants such as ozone, which leads to a decrease in air quality.
    • Water quality deteriorates due to the flow of hot water into streams. Hence, there is pressure on the ecosystem.
    • The increased heat increases the photochemical reaction, which increases the amount of particles in the air and thus contributes to the formation of smog. London, for example, receives about 270 hours less sunlight from the surrounding rural area due to smoke and cloud.

    4.3-Atmospheric pollution in cities

    • The problem of atmospheric pollution arises when humans emit unwanted elements and energy in the environment to the extent that it cannot be assimilated by the ecosystem. This creates health problems and damages the environment and property.
    • The urban environment is affected by soot, ash, gas, smoke and sulfur, carbon, nitrogen oxides. Green house gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are mainly responsible for the increase in Earth's temperature. They also produce blanketing effects for urban radiation, increasing the albedo of the urban area. Sulfur dioxide and related chemicals are considered primarily primary factors of acid rain. These particles also act as condensation nuclei.
    • Under normal conditions, most of the pollution is transmitted upwards into the atmosphere due to disturbance and flows with high winds at high altitudes. However, high-rise buildings in cities impede the smooth transmission of these particles. The highest concentration of smoke is found in places with slow air speed, temperature inversion and high relative humidity.
    • To deal with this problem, with the active participation of civil society and urban population, several strategies will be required. The government is taking various measures to curb air pollution through legislation, tax benefits and other schemes on a long-term level. Civil society can play an important role in spreading environmental awareness among the people and helping in urban forestry etc.