Indian Foreign Policy Or Foreign relations of India

Definition: -

By foreign policy, any nation tries to ensure its rights and material integrity, national origin and prosperity. Also, it is a set of activities which are successful in adjusting the behavior of a nation to suit their interests.

Foreign policy elements:-

Peace-Friendship and co-existence, purity of co-ordination tools between opposing factions, territorial integrity of each other and mutual equality to supreme power, non-aggression, mutual interference in internal affairs, peace pre-coexistence, non-alignment, etc.

Goal: -

To maintain internal peace and security.
Protect the country from external aggression
Development of psychological and physical security
Seeking international community support
Enabling Economic Diplomacy

India's foreign policy step by point:-

Indian Foreign Policy: - Nehru era (1947–1964)

Jawaharlal Nehru is called the architect of Indian foreign policy
Jawaharlal Nehru was not only the Prime Minister of independent India, but also the External Affairs Minister for 17 years.

1947 First Asian Friendly Conference: - Delhi

In March 1947, under the auspices of the Indian Council of World Affairs, an Asian friendly conference was held in New Delhi.

1949 Second Asian Friendly Conference - Delhi

In January 1949, a conference of representatives of 19 countries took place in New Delhi to consider the question of Indonesia. In which condemnation of Dutch takeover of Indonesia and Indonesia's independence was demanded.

1950 Bugui Asian Countries Conference - Bugui Philippines

In 1950, Asian countries' conference was held in the Philippines city of Bugui to increase cultural and economic cooperation among Asian nations.

1954 Panchsheel Principle: - 29 April 1954

Panchsheel means "five principles of conduct"
The five principles of Panchsheel are based on the Gautama Buddha philosophy.
Panchsheel's principles were formulated on 29 April 1954 in an agreement between India and China regarding Tibet.(Between Chinese Premier Chow In Lai and Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru)

Five principles of Panchsheel: -

A sense of mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and supreme authority.
Non-degradation policy
Non-interference in each other's internal affairs
Equality and mutual benefit
peaceful coexistence

The principles of Panchsheel symbolize moral strength. Pandit Nehru once said that if all the countries recognize these principles, then solutions to many problems of the modern world will be found.

Through the Panchsheel pact, India stopped raising its voice on the independence of Tibet. In a way, he described China as an internal matter, Tibet was considered a part of China. Tibetans rebelled violently when China forced Tibet into their kingdom. Which was suppressed by the power of China and started persecuting the Tibetans, due to which the religious leader of Tibet "Dalai Lama" took refuge in Dharamshala (Himachal Pradesh). China got angry on this matter and attacked India in 1962.

What is foreign policy?

Have relations with other countries and participate in international political and economic activities. Foreign policy is a group of policies, interests, objectives, principles by which one country builds its relationship with another country, whose goal is national interest.

Foreign policy requirement

To protect and promote national interests.
To ensure country's Gita participation in global / global subjects.

Indian Foreign Policy Principles

In 1928, the Congress party decided to set up the State Department by making Jawaharlal Nehru a spokesperson.
In 1936, the Foreign Office was established in the Congress office under the chairmanship of Ram Manohar Lohia.
In 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru, assuming the post of Prime Minister and in charge of the Department of Foreign Policy, declared some of the objectives of Indian foreign policy, saying, "Protecting Indian national interests and achieving the goals of economic development while maintaining regional integrity of Indian the main goal of foreign policy will be ".

Objectives of India's foreign policy: -

India's foreign policy has three grounds: - Peace, friendship, and equality.
India's foreign policy is mentioned in Part VI Article 51 (Directive Principles of Policy) of the Indian Constitution.

key objectives:-

Maintaining independence in policy making.
Promoting international security and peace.
To resolve international disputes by arbitration.
Cooperating with the United Nations.
Disarmament
Opposing colonialism and imperialism and racism
To establish cooperation among developing countries.
Make trade, industry, investment and technology transfer active and smooth with all countries.

Factors or Factors of Foreign Policy

Internal factors: (1) National interest (2) Geographical and political location and circumstances

External tax: (1) Nature and type of relations with Neighboring countries (2) International environment

Bandung Conference (1955) -

African Asian Conference (Conference of 29 countries)
In April 1955, a conference of African-Asian countries was held in the city of Bandung, Indonesia.
It was jointly organized by India, Burma and Indonesia.
The principles of Panchsheel were emphasized in the Bandung Conference
In this conference, it was decided to stay away from the factions of the world.

Non-alignment

After the Second World War, world politics was divided into two poles.

Communist (Soviet Union)
Capitalist (US)

Both (communist, capitalist) poles were making all efforts to include the newly independent country in their respective factions and to adapt the governance systems of these countries to their ideals.

Adopted the policy of non-alignment in India

Non-alignment means "Participating in international politics according to our own independent policy and national interests while remaining neutral or separate from the various power factions".

In other words, it does not mean neutrality in international affairs or indifference to world events but adopting a constructive and independent policy that helps in maintaining world peace and harmony.

Due to their ideological establishment and interest in India, the two groups decided to stay away from mutual conflict. Staying away from the politics of factions and focusing on their development, which later came to be called the policy of non-alignment.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the architect of Indian foreign policy, decided that India would not join any faction, and also called upon the independent nations at that time not to join any faction. Thus, India provided non-alignment with global leadership (after India's independence, Sri Lanka, Burma, Indonesia became independent).

Nonaligned can be understood in the following sense: -

(1) India does not have military treaties with any of the faction countries.

(2) India has an independent view towards foreign policy.

(3) India tries to have friendly relations with all nations.

First Non-Aligned Conference (1961 Belgrade Summit)

The Non-Aligned Movement was first made clear in the 1955 Conference of 29 African (6) - Asian (23) Countries held in Bandung Indonesia.

Prime Minister of India (Jawaharlal Nehru), President of Egypt (Gamal Abdel Nasser), President of Yugoslavia (Josip Broz Tito), President of Indonesia (Sukarno), President of Ghana (Mr Kwakye) Formal launch of Non-Aligned Movement.

20 September 1961 Belgrade Summit

Conference site: - Belgrade (capital of Yugoslavia) September 1961
Chaired: - Marshal TT (President of Yugoslavia)
Country: -25 African Asian countries and 01 European country also participated.

Date: -20 September 1971, First Non-Aligned Conference

Its summit will be held after every 3 years.
In this conference, emphasis was laid on peace and disarmament.

1964 Second Non-Aligned Conference - Cairo (Egypt)

Conference site: - Cairo, Egypt
Towards India: - Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri ji participated
Countries: - Representatives from 47 countries and 10 observer countries participated.

1983 –17th Non-Aligned Conference (New Delhi)

Chairmanship - Prime Minister Indira Gandhi presided over the Non-Aligned Conference held in New Delhi in 1983. The slogan of peace disarmament, development and freedom.

2012-16 16th Non-Aligned Conference: Tehran (Iran) - (26- 31 August 2012)

The 16th summit was concluded in August 2016 in Tehran (capital of Iran).
Delegates from 120 countries participated
Business discussions were held on nuclear disarmament, human rights and regional issues.

Look Africa Policy

The Look Africa Policy was first determined by the first Prime Minister of India, Nehru.
India opposed the policy of apartheid in Africa right from the beginning.

Increase in economic cooperation and self-reliance
Solidarity and mutual cooperation of all in the fight against terrorism.
Efforts for peace, security and ownership.
Indian support to African Army.

The India Africa Summit was held in 2008 due to the Look Africa policy.

Nonaligned in the Jawaharlal Nehru era (1947– 64)

India's Non-Aligned Policy remained unstable in 1947–50.
At this time, India's inclination was towards the Western bloc.
(1952-53) In Korea group too, while supporting West countries, India called North Korea aggressor.
After the death of Stalin (Prime Minister of the Soviet Union) in 1953, the Soviet attitude towards India became quite liberal, which resulted in increasing India's proximity to the Soviet Union.
According to the 1954 Pakistan-US treaty, America's large-scale weaponization of Pakistan, support of Portugal on Goa's question, led to a bit of a tussle between India and America.
Goodwill visit to Russia by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and increase in trade and economic relations. Russia to provide economic and technical support for steel plant in India.
India supported Russia in the Hungarian case in 1955.
In 1956, while supporting Russia in the Suez Canal case, France and Britain condemned the invasion of Egypt.
After 1957, the economic crisis, the lack of foreign exchange and the lack of food grains, brought India's attitude back to the Western countries.
Nehru's goodwill visit to America and slow down the tone of anti-Western imperialism.
In 1962, China invaded India, which led to the Indian Non-Aligned Policy having to undergo a rigorous examination. However, India received help from both the factions in the war.
In 1963, an agreement was signed between India and the United States regarding the civilian use of atomic energy.
Regarding the re-construction of the Mazgaon port in 1964 and the construction of the Leander class warship.
A security treaty was signed between India and Britain.
In June 1964, the President of India, Radha Krishna, discussed the preventive measures of Chinese invasion activities in the US and the Central Asian region of the two countries.
Reiterated its commitment to peaceful resolution of regional disputes with Moscow (Russia).

Evaluation

India's policy of non-alignment was completely based on Nehru's vision. For this reason, the problem of non-alignment as a policy of coherent and enlightenment became difficult by Nehru to consider non-alignment as both a means and a goal of foreign policy. Was a serious mistake. Nonaligned is the cornerstone of Indian foreign policy.

Before the 1962 Chinese invasion, India rejected foreign aid and later accepted it. It was unfortunate for Nehru to insist on peaceful settlement of disputes and to always condemn the creation and testing of atomic scriptures. India was severely criticized for being defeated in the Indo-China war. If India had joined the Western bloc, China would not have dared to attack India. It is sad that India was not even helped by Asian-African countries. In this way, Bharti Non-Aligned confused both enemies and friends. It also proved unsuccessful in protecting India's national interests.Thus in the Nehru era, India's Non-Aligned Policy went through various stages of success and failure.

Indian Foreign Policy Classical Era (1964 –1966)

Good behavior towards neighboring countries: -

Shastriji paid special attention to South East Asian countries.
Whereas former Prime Minister Nehru was focused on the superpowers.

Indo-Pak War 1965:

1958 Military rule came into force in Pakistan and Pakistan left its neutral policy and joined the US camp.
Pakistan's morale was boosted by India's defeat in the Indo-China war in 1962. Pakistan started sending its troops to Kashmir as a means to annex Kashmir.
War between India and Pakistan over Kutch's Run (Gujarat) region in April 1965.
Temporary Agreement between India and Pakistan on 30 June 1965 for ceasefire.
On 20 September 1965, the UNO passed a ceasefire.

Under Shastriji's leadership, India openly participated in the war and defeated Pakistan.

Tashkent Agreement-(10 Jan 1966)

Tashkent (the capital of present-day Uzbekistan), part of erstwhile Soviet Russia, Prime Minister of India Lal Bahadur Shastri and President of Pakistan Ayub Khan signed the Treaty of Tashkent on 10 January 1966 with the efforts of Prime Minister Kosigin of Soviet Union.

Conditions of the treaty: -

According to the declaration of the UNO, both sides will make good relations between India and Pakistan.
Armed soldiers of both countries will go to their former places and follow the ceasefire.
Both countries will not interfere in each other's internal affairs.
Diplomatic relations between the two countries will be established in a normal way.
The High Commissioners of each other in both countries will revisit their posts.
Economic and trade relations will be established between the two countries.
Both countries will consider issues related to the treaty from time to time.

1-Tashkent Agreement caused a lot of damage to India.

2-India not only had to leave the territories that it had won on the battlefield but also had to leave the Kashmiri territories which they had the right to legislatively.

Indian Prime Minister Shastri died on the way on 11 January 1966 while returning from Tashkent.Shastri ji is the first Prime Minister of the country who died on foreign soil Shastri ji is the first person who was awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously.

Indian Foreign Policy: - Indira era (1966-77,1979-84)

Indira Gandhi's tenure can be divided into two parts: (1) 9 March 1977 (2) 1980 -1984

In the first term, he followed Nehru's policy. At the same time, due to the circumstances, he also made changes in foreign policy.

Indira Gandhi's foreign policy was realistic.
Pandit Nehru provided the basis for Indian foreign policy, but Indira Gandhi gave it progressiveness, positivity and practical form.
The creator of Nehru's foreign policy and Indira Gandhi can be called the director and manager of foreign policy.

India Soviet Friendship Treaty: - August 1971

In 1970, Pak General Yahia Khan (President) organized general elections in Pakistan. Sheikh Mujib ur Rehman's Awam League of East Pakistan (present Bangladesh) got a majority in the elections. So the General did not allow Sheikh Mujib ur Rehman to form the government and put him in jail. Due to which the revolt broke out, millions of refugees crossed the border into West Bengal.

With the fear of increasing the number of refugees in India rapidly, a 20-year treaty (peace, friendship and cooperation) was signed between India and the Soviet Union for the national interest.The friendship treaty had far-reaching and positive results, it was a friendship and not a military treaty.

Indo-Pak war: - December 1971

Indira Gandhi signed the Indo-Soviet Union Friendship Treaty in 1971 due to Pak-Sino-America (threesome), which proved to be a milestone in the relationship of both. (Done for 20 years).In December 1971, there was a third war between India and Pakistan on the issue of Chakma refugees.America and China openly supported and helped Pakistan.Convinced of the support of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, the Indian Army fought against Pakistan and decisively defeated it.

Construction of Bangladesh: - 16 December 1971

A decisive result came from the Indo-Pak war which lasted for 14 days. Pak Army Chief Niazi along with 90,000 soldiers surrendered to the Indian Army.
A new country Bangladesh was created in place of East Pakistan.
Indira Gandhi is called the creator of Bangladesh.
In 1974, the newly formed Bangladesh President Sheikh Mujib ur Rehman and Indira ji reached an agreement regarding the exchange of the village.

Shimla Agreement: - 3 July 1972

In 1971 Indo-Pak war, Pak General Niazi surrendered and Bangladesh was born.
In June 1972, a meeting was held in Shimla between Indira Gandhi and President Zulfikar Bhutto in which it was decided that the two countries would maintain lasting peace and friendly relations.

Main provisions of Shimla Agreement: -

The two countries decided to end mutual conflicts.
The two countries will not propagate hateful towards each other.
Wire service, water, land and air communication services were started to end the sour relations in the relationship between the two countries.
Efforts should be made to improve trade and economic relations.
Cooperation and exchange in cultural, science and technical fields should be increased.
Services of both countries will return to their international borders.
The heads of the two countries will continue to meet mutually for the implementation of the Shimla Agreement.

Main points of dispute of Shimla Agreement: -

Pakistan's land occupied by India had to be vacated.
Pakistan recognizes new country Bangladesh.
Release of soldiers held captive by India-Bangladesh Joint Command.
War criminals prosecuted.

First nuclear test 1970, May 18

The first nuclear test was conducted at Pokaran on 18 May 1974 during the reign of Indira Gandhi.
Pakistan was enraged by this.
Under Indira Gandhi's leadership, India's relations with the Soviet Union were cordial but remained bitter with the US.

Second term of Indira Gandhi 1980-84

The seventh Non-Aligned Conference was organized in 1983 under the chairmanship of Indira Gandhi.
Operation Meghdoot was carried out by the Indian Army in April 1984 to recover Siachen.
Operation Blue Star was launched by the Indian Army in June 1984 against the terrorists hiding in the Golden Temple of Amritsar.

Indian Foreign Policy - Morarji Desai (Janata Government): 1977-79

Morarji was the Prime Minister of the country's first non-Congress and first coalition government, and decided to improve the relations of Pakistan in the Janata Party government.

Foreign Minister: - Atal Bihari Vajpayee, a foreign policy scholar, was a foreign minister in the Morarji Desai government.

Most of the foreign policy was decided and left to Vajpayeeji. In 1978, Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited Pakistan. Efforts to improve Indo-Pak relations but at the same time in 1978 military rule was established in Pakistan.

Real non-alignment (real form)

A critic of Indira Gandhi's foreign policy, Vajpayee did not change the basic policies after becoming the foreign minister.
Vajpayee termed it as a foreign policy of nationality consent with continuity and change. He expressed faith in non-alignment, and also tried to give him a 'real form' (real non-alignment).
Morarji Desai included "genuine non-alignment" in the manifestos.
Morarji modified the Soviet orientation of Indira's time and initiated an "alliance with all".
In the words of Atal Bihari Vajpayee: "We must not only remain non-aligned, but should also appear in reality".

Indian Foreign Policy- Rajiv Gandhi era 1984-89

In the Lok Sabha elections of December 1984, the Congress got more than 50% of the votes and more than 400 seats. For this reason Rajiv Gandhi is called the most popular Prime Minister. Rajiv Gandhi adopted the diplomacy of travel to establish close relations with countries and established personal contacts with many world leaders. Rajiv Gandhi cursed 84 foreign trips in the first 4 years of his rule. Rajiv Gandhi's two decisions in foreign policy were notable - Sri Lanka and Maldeev

Rajiv Jayawardene Agreement: - 21 July 1987 Colombo, Sri Lanka

LTTE was formed in 1983. Violent incidents escalated rapidly in Sri Lanka. Millions of refugees left the provinces of northern and eastern Sri Lanka and migrated to the coastal part of Tamil Nadu, due to the increasing number of refugees and the Tamil Dravidian parties, the Indian government pressured Sri Lanka to resolve the issue.

Agreement reached between Sri Lankan President Jayawardene and Rajiv Gandhi on 21 July 1987

Operation Pawan: - Sri Lanka

The Indian Peace Keeping Force goes to Sri Lanka under the Rajiv Jayawardene Agreement. The Indian Army runs operations in Sri Lanka. In order to restore peace, the Indian Army suffered a lot in the fierce fighting in the LTTE and the army.

Benazir Bhutto became PM in the park after the air crash death of Pak President Zia-ul-Haq in August 1978.

Operation Cactus: - Maldives

Maldives was under the government of President Abdul Gayoom. In 1988, 80 armed militants of the People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Nadu attacked Abdul Gayoom. In 1988, Rajiv Gandhi sent the Indian Army to Maldip to run Operation Cactus to restore President Abdul Gayoom's government. It was praised all over the world and India-Maldip relations grew stronger.

VP Singh-Chandrasekhar era

1989 - 1990, 11 months tenure as VP Singh as Prime Minister of India.

(1)Return of Peace Army: -

VP Singh government put the responsibility of Tamil security on Sri Lanka. Return of Indian Peace Keeping Force till 24 March 1990.

(2)Rajiv massacre(1991,May 21)

The withdrawal of the Indian Peace Keeping Force increased the spirits of Lanka.Former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President Dasnaike were assassinated in 1991.Chandrasekhar becomes the Prime Minister of India between 1990- 91. His government mortgages India's gold IMF.

Indian Foreign Policy: PV Narasimha Rao era 1991- 1996

The 90s have been extremely challenging for the Non-Aligned Movement. The big reason for this is that after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the end of the Cold War can be considered.
By 1991, the Soviet Union's communist system was over and the Soviet Union disintegrated into 15 republics.
After the disintegration of the USSR, America became an undisputed superpower in the world.
From 1991-98, the India-USA relationship was tense because the USA wanted to make India a partner like Pakistan. But India was in favor of an independent policy.
After the disintegration of the Soviet, India lost its trusted friend on the international stage.
The end of the Cold War, the end of polarization, liberalization and globalization brought India very close to the world.

Dr. Manmohan Singh was made Finance Minister in Rao government.

New Economic Policy 1991: -

Liberalization, privatization, globalization (called the Rao-Manmohan model of the economy) The end of the Cold War and the integration of the Indian economy with the market economy necessitated the transportation of foreign policy in India (July 1991).

Look East Policy

In 1992–1993 India established a cordial relationship with the eastern nations of Asia (eg Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, New Zealand) to meet their market requirements The policy adopted is called Look East Policy.

NOTE:-Who has been named "Act East Policy" by the current Prime Minister Modi

PV Narasimha Rao realized the importance of East Asian countries with the slogan "Look East" and started an effort to improve relations with them.

Subjects of Indo-US dispute between 1991-98: -

USA compared Kashmir with Bosnia and Somalia and called it part of Kashmir's events.
Criticizing the Indian nuclear and missile program on the world stage.
Forcing India to sign NPT and CTBT.
Continually giving advanced missile weapons to Pakistan.
After establishment of WTO, USA ban Indian trade on issues like child labor.

India Iraq Relations Gulf War 1991

The invasion of Iraq by American-English forces in the Gulf War was considered by India against the interest of Iraqi people. India has been neutral in the Gulf War, India provided financial support to Iraq for Iraq's relief operations and economic reconstruction.

India-Israel relations have supported independent Palestine in India. Israel is a victim of Islamic terrorism. On 29 January 1992, the Foreign Secretary of India announced the establishment of full diplomatic relations with Israel.

Moscow manifesto: -

(1) 1993 visit of Russian President to India

(2) During the visit of Indian Prime Minister Narasimha Rao to Russia in 1994, the two countries signed the Moscow Declaration under which: -

(i) Russia pressurized Ukraine and halted the supply of T.80 tanks to Pakistan.

(ii) Russia will cooperate with India on reactors for nuclear power.

(iii) will cooperate with India on Kashmir issue.

Objectives of India's Look East Policy: -

To enhance economic, trade, cultural, strategic relations with countries of South East Asia.
To balance India's growing economic and military power by increasing India's strategic and economic influence.
By emerging economies such as Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Korea, Malaysia, countries can strengthen their position by increasing exports to low-tech areas.
This policy was made by the efforts of the then Prime Minister of Singapore "Lee Kumman Yu".

Reasons for India to adopt East Look Policy

India's growing economic investment required a market that is close, where there is a demand for Indian goods and a fair price can be obtained. South East Asia was doing all this.
India had shortage of tin, copper, zinc, petroleum which could be taken with full cooperation of the eastern countries.
China was strengthening its hold in South East Asia which was harmful to India from the social point of view.
6.7 million Indians live in Southeast Asia which is currently in a fairly good political economic condition.
To obtain technology from Japan and South Korea of South East Asia.
Getting FDI - Companies like Pasco, Suzuki, Sony, LG are economically prosperous
To fulfill your needs by getting additional land loan with agricultural technology.

India's ASEAN relations expanded due to India's Look East Policy.
In 1992, India was made the regional dialogue partner of ASEAN.
Full Dialogue Partner was formed in 1995.
In 1996, India became a member of the "ASEAN Regional Forum" formed from a strategic perspective.

Currently, India is a member of the "ASEAN Regional Forum" and is playing its important role in building the East Asian Community. It is proving to be an effective step towards economic-strategic-cultural-political cooperation.

Look East policy troubles

India could not develop its eastern regions, the policy advantage was limited to the port located on the eastern coasts.
India still could not fully identify the areas in which it seeks South East Asia's cooperation.
The process of implementation of free-trade zones is very slow.
The process of investment and trade in India is complex so there could not be enough investment.
Not enough success for the summit.

Challenges of Look East Policy: -

Religious relations with East Asia, cultural and educational organs have not progressed significantly.
China's inappropriate interference in the Asia Pacific region is a hindrance in the successful implementation of the Look East Policy but also remains a failure for India's defense research and shipping.
India has already been informed by obstructing oil exploration in the South China Sea.
By setting up its military bases on the islands (beads of pearls) by China in the Indian Ocean, India is falling into the Chakravyuh.
China's claim on the island of 'Diwau' or 'Senkaku' in the East China Sea has plagued Japan. Issues like piracy, illegal intrusion, counterfeit notes etc. are a big challenge for India in Asia Pacific.

Look East Policy Prospects

India should pay more attention to the educational and cultural aspects. Cultural relations should be enhanced by keeping Nalanda, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath at the center. India should open its technical institute branches in Singapore. Adequate attention should be paid to tourism as India has been the center of Buddhism. India should focus on the whole of Southeast Asia. Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Myanmar are nations where resources are adequate. There is a need to effectively implement free trade.

Look Latin American Policy: -

The foundation of the Look Latin American Policy was laid in 1919 under the Narasimha Rao government. The Latin America region is capable of not only expanding economic relations but also meeting India's energy needs. These policies have been strengthened by the efforts of South-Cooperation.

IBSA(2003)- INDIA,BRAZIL,SOUTH AFRICA

Indian Foreign Policy - HD Deve Gowda - Gujral Doctrine - 1996-1998

In 1996, Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the Prime Minister of India for "13 days". HD Deve Gowda and Indra Kumar Gujral were the Prime Ministers of India from 1996 to 1998. HD Deve Gowda served as Prime Minister for 11 months from 1996 to 29 April 1997. Indra Kumar was the foreign minister by the Deogarh government. HD Deve Gowda visited Russia in 1997. In April 1997, Indra Kumar Gujral visited Pakistan (Nawaz Sharif was the Prime Minister of Pakistan at the time).

Gujarat principle: -

Indra Kumar Gujral became the Prime Minister when the government of Devgowda fell in April 1997.
In May 1997, there was a conversation between Gujral and Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
Visit of the two Prime Ministers at the 1997 UNO conference. In which it was agreed to improve trade relations.
In June 1997, there was an India-Pakistan dialogue on the creation of the SAARC organization in Bangkok. This proves that the round of negotiations between India and Pakistan started.

The Gujarat doctrine go as Gujral took the initiative of establishing relations with India's neighboring country as foreign minister.

According to Gujral, India should take initiative to improve relations with its neighbors and not wait for it to take the initiative.
No country in South Asia should be allowed to use its land to harm the interests of another country.
No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another country.
All countries in South Asia should respect each other's integrity and sovereignty.
South Asian countries should settle all their disputes peacefully.

Mr. Gujral held the position till March 18, 1998. Therefore, in his short-term, Gujral fully implemented Gujral Doctrine to improve relations with his neighbors (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan etc.).

Indian foreign policy Atal Bihari Vajpayee era

Atal Bihari Vajpayee again became Prime Minister on 19 March 1998.

Pokhran nuclear test - May 1998

The first nuclear test was conducted in Pokhran on 18 May 1974 during the reign of Indira Gandhi. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia came under the influence and pressure of the US. A polar system was established in the world. This led to a crisis of crisis over India's security. The US kept pushing India to sign NPT and CTBT. Nuclear proliferation was increasing throughout the world. India adopted a realistic policy for its national security and nuclear tests were conducted for the second time on 11 and 13 May 1998 (tested five times). On 15 May, Pakistan conducted a nuclear test.

Ban on India by US: -

There was a rapid worldwide response to India's nuclear test in 1998.
Russia did not criticize the Indian nuclear test in 1998.

In 1998, India conducted nuclear tests, on this the United States imposed strict restrictions on India, but this ban could not be more successful because: -

India declared its nuclear policy which was based on "NO FIRST USE".
India was a stable political state and democratic country in the world.
After globalization, India was making rapid economic growth and was getting only 2% GDP support from international institutions.
US investment in India was less and the US company was more at a loss due to sanctions.

Lahore Declaration: February 1999

On 20 February 1999, Prashant Minister Atal Vihari Vajpayee traveled from Delhi to Lahore by bus. The two Prime Ministers signed the Lahore Declaration to remove each other's bitterness by this bus trip of the Indian Prime Minister.

1) Both countries will try to resolve all their controversial issues (Kashmir issue).

2) Non-interference in domestic matters, simplification of visa related provisions.

3) The terms of the Shimla Conference will be followed.

4) To remain committed to building trust and disarmament.

5) Joint communication process in place, ban on use of nuclear devices.

If all the points had been faithfully followed, the situation would have changed, but the Kargil war of 1999 had clouded all hopes.

Kargil War 1999

In April-May 1999, Pakistan-backed intruders infiltrated the Kargil region of the Indian border and littered the Lahore settlement. In 1999, General Pervez Musharraf established military rule and Kargil war was fought by supporting Kashmir militants.

Operation Vijay

In June-July 1999, the Indian Army entered Operation Kargil by running Operation Vijay and killed Pakistan. 26 July 1999 was celebrated as Kargil Vijay Divas.

After the Kargil defeat, when the world community strongly condemned Pakistan, the military government there expressed a desire to hold talks with India.
Vajpayee government succeeded in achieving unprecedented cooperation of international community in Kargil war.

By 1997, Russia felt that European countries and the United States did not consider it as an equal partner and treated them as subordinate due to American pressure, so Russia started "Look East" in its foreign policy.

Russia ended border dispute with China s.c.o. Established. At the same time, Russia proposed to build an India-China-Russia ternary.

Moscow Declaration 2001: -

In 2000, Putin became the President of Russia. Relations between India and Russia intensified. In October 2000, Putin traveled to India. In 2001, Putin and Vajpayee signed the Moscow Declaration. It was decided to strengthen the strategic as well as economic ties.

The terrorist attack in America in 2001 sharply affected relations like India.

Agra Summit 2001

In July 2001, talks were held in Agra between General Pervez Musharraf and Atal Bihari Vajpayee, but Pakistan considered the Kashmir issue as a major issue. Hence the conference was unsuccessful. On 13 December 2001, the Indian Parliament was attacked.

Operation Parakram 2001-2002

Deployment of Indian Army along the Pakistan border in December 2001 over the attack on Parliament.

Russian President Putin's visit to India in 2002: - Agreed on supply of defense equipment, joint production. In this, Sukhoi-30 aircraft, BrahMos missile production, nuclear submarine exports are important.

Indian Foreign Policy - Dr. Manmohan Singh era - 2004-2014

Narasimha Rao was the Finance Minister from 21 June 1991 to 16 May 1996 during the Prime Ministership.
He was the 13th Prime Minister of India from 22 May 2004 to 26 May 2014.
Worked with three Presidents (Abdul Kalam, Pratibha Patil, Pranab Mukherjee).
Dr. Manmohan Singh tried to reshape foreign policy to the challenges of the 21st century.

Look West Policy:-

This policy was started by taking advantage of the possibilities of Look East
In 2004 to 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh adopted the Look West Policy. Its primary objective has been to strengthen relations with West Asian countries. Priority to the establishment of better relations with the Israel Gulf Cooperation Council and Iran.
After the oil revolution (1960s) in West Asia, with the immense economic prosperity, many workers of India gave employment opportunities.
The cultural relations of Gulf countries with India are old.
India is the second largest Muslim country after Indonesia.

Look west policy challenges: -

Establishment of better relations with Israel Gulf Cooperation Council and Iran.
The Muslim Brotherhood distrusts the relationship of defense, strategic and diplomatic friendship between India and Israel. The challenge was to establish an empire in two different and opposing ideologies.
Indo-US and Indo-Israeli bilateral relations are affected by giving a clear right decision on the issue of Philippines. The challenge was to have a friendly relationship between the two.
India needs to build diplomatic relations with the Gulf countries to counter, eliminate terrorist organizations such as Taliban, Al Qaeda, their training camps, jihadi activities.
For Indian workers left in Gulf countries, simplification of visas, working hours, human conditions, transportation facilities etc. are also a challenge.

West Asia does not need India as much as India needs West Asia. This is the reason that India can increase its power in the western regions, cannot demonstrate it, we can suggest to mediate their disputes and tensions but cannot force them to take our side on the matter of Kashmir. .

Krishna Doctrine

In 2006, India's former foreign minister "SM Krishna" started the practice of placing the safety of overseas Indians at the top of the priority list.

Krishna, considering the diaspora as an integral part of India, asked them to pay attention to it and believed that these people get foreign exchange to the Indian government without any hassle, hence they have an important place in the Indian economy. At the same time these people provide strategic power to India.

Steps taken under this policy:-

To protect the interests of workers living abroad by making social security agreements.
Mahatma Gandhi Migration Scheme.
To help the Indians in trouble immediately like pressure on the concerned government in Libya, Tunisia to safeguard the interests of Indians like attack on students in Australia, racial discrimination in England etc.

Manmohan's foreign policy, especially in various talks with US President George W. Bush, presented a different picture of India, clarifying Indian interests. As a result, the US recognized India as one of its key strategic partners in Asia.An Indo-US Science Technology Agreement was signed in 2005.In June 2005, the India-USA Defense Agreement was signed.In July 2005, India was founded on the American Trade Policy Forum.The India USA Aviation Cooperation Program was established in 2007.The civil nuclear agreement was signed between India USA in 2008.

Indo-US civil nuclear deal 2008, October

In 1998, the United States imposed economic sanctions on India on nuclear testing by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.In the same year, in October 2008, the India-US civil nuclear agreement was reached in October 2008.The foundation of the deal was laid during Manmohan's visit to the USA in July 2005.At the same time USA considered that nuclear fuel could be given to a reliable nation like India without signing NPT.

Points of Agreement: -

India made it clear that whatever future nuclear center India will establish, India will have the right to put it in the list of military and civilian.
Under the agreement, by 2014, India will put 65 percent of its nuclear facilities on the civilian list, which will be monitored by the International Atomic Energy Agency.

Why did the US enter into a civil nuclear agreement with India: -

Gulf After the failure of the Afghan war, George Bush wanted it to be a major achievement if a non-NPT signatory country like India accepts IAEA oversight.
The US domestic situation was also in favor of the agreement.
The United States wanted to block the economic path of terrorism with India's cooperation as India is located between the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle.

India Russia Cultural Agreement 2007 - 2009

In 2008, the year Russia was celebrated in India & The year India was celebrated in Russia in 2009.Medvedev became president after Putin in Russia in 2008.December 2008 Russian President Medvedev visits India, 10 agreements signed.Russia expressed happiness over the Indo-US nuclear deal.During Medvedev's visit to India, Kudankulam entered into an agreement on the installation of four more electronegos.At the same time Russia agreed to supply 2000 tons of uranium to India.

India Russia Defense Agreement

It was agreed to supply MI-17-V5 helicopters.
India's cooperation in manned flight in space fields and cooperation on Chandrayaan-II.

Mumbai attack 2008

The NIA National Investigation Agency was established after the 2008 Mumbai attack.

Qatar (Doha) Agreement 2008

In 2008, Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh entered into an investment agreement with Qatar (Doha), called the 'control room' of the Taliban and Hamas, and set up a $ 100 million fund, which is important in sectors such as tourism, telecommunications, health.

Kuwait Agreement 2009

In 2009, an agreement was reached with Kuwait on education, health, information, technology and cultural matters.

UAE Agreement 2010

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Saudi Arabia (United Arab Emirates) in 2010.

Relations between the two countries intensified, playing the role of 'milestones' in India-Saudi Arab relations.

Central Asia Policy (Connect Central Asia Policy)

India's 'Connect Central Asia Policy' was launched in 2012.
The main objective of CCAP is to increase India's connectivity with countries in Asia.
The policy aims to ensure access to the diverse energy resources present in Central Asia countries.
India attempted to strengthen relations with the countries of Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan under the Central Asia Policy.

Under the Central Asia Policy of Indian Foreign Policy, the emphasis was on "People to people". This includes direct flights with five countries.Built on the Sanghai Cooperation Organization.Agreements for tourism, training, trade and structural development were signed."Central University" was established for education training in Kyrgyzstan.

Indian foreign policy from Modi era 2014: -

Neighbor First Policy: -

Narendra Modi took power on 26 May 2014 when the foreign policy of the previous Manmohan government completely failed on every front.Friendly countries like Nepal and Sri Lanka were also unhappy with India.If the country has to be taken on the path of development, then its neighbor along with the house should also be fit.Modi adopted "the policy of neighboring country first".

Modi's decision to invite South Asian leaders for his swearing-in ceremony indicated that the new government's desire was to revive Asian connectivity. The Modi government wants to strengthen India's role in South Asia vis-à-vis China. The previous UPA government had to face domestic pressures regarding neighborhood policy.

Act East Policy: -

In 1991-1992, the Prime Minister of India, Narasimha Rao adopted the Look East Foreign Policy.
After Modi became Prime Minister in 2014, the name of East Policy was changed to Act East Policy.
In order to make the Look East Policy more functional in India, the name of the policy was changed to Act East. Which means making our relations with India and East Asian countries more sweet and strong.
The term Act East was first used by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in 2011 while visiting India.
India changed its name to Act East to make its Look East Policy more comprehensive, dynamic and operational. Sushma Swaraj mentioned it during her visit to Vietnam and Modi during her visit to America.

Highlights of Act East Policy: -

Strengthen economic, political and strategic relations with the countries of the East.
To facilitate Visa on Arrival to countries in East Asia.
This policy is given special priority under the foreign policy of India at present.
Special emphasis on cooperation with countries of the East in the textiles, pharmaceuticals and agriculture sector.
To strengthen India's position in South China Sea and to play its active role in disputes as well. Strengthen relations with countries of the East through high level visits and trade.

Make in India: - 25 September 2014

"Make in India" is an initiative of the Government of India whose primary objective is to encourage multinationals and Indian companies to manufacture their products in India.On 25 September 2014, Narendra Modi launched the Make in India program. This program presents India as a preferred investment destination globally.For this, started a website called "Make in India" and released a brochure related to 25 areas of development. The scheme started at national and state level as well as embassies located abroad.

Modi's vision of "Make in India" is widespread. Its main goal is to boost production. For the success of this "Make in India", Modi gave a message to all producers to join it and pledged to provide basic facilities to foreign entrepreneurs. Pledged to give them a favorable environment.Make in India can become a manufacturing hub in India, from car to software, from satellite to submarine, and from paper to electricity.

Make in India goals: -

Increase in employment opportunity.
Creating a practical, transparent and healthy tax regime.
Freedom from crime and terror, adequate security, market control.
Development of basic facilities.

A number of provisions were made for the success of the Make in India program such as Skill India and Digital India.

4/15/2020