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Herbt Ridgeley first introduced species descriptions in the Indian population. The areas of the species mentioned by them are as follows:-
1-Dravidian
- It is considered a primitive species in India. And its residence is in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Chota Nagpur Plateau and southern parts of Madhya Pradesh state.
- Its representatives are Panianan (Malabar), Juang (Odisha), Kond (Eastern Ghats), Gond (Madhya Pradesh), Tonda (Nilgiri), Bhil and Garasia (Rajasthan and Gujarat) and Sandhal (Chota Nagpur Plateau).
2-Indian aryan
It is estimated that this species came to India from Central Asia 2000 years before Christ. Although most of the legislation, it is considered as the native species of India. But it lives in the states of Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
3-Mongoloid
The species is inhabited by Himachal Pradesh, the neighboring region of Nepal and the states of Assam. Its representatives are Kanet (Kallu), Lepcha (Sikkim and Darjeeling), Bodo (Assam) and Bhutia (Uttarakhand).
4-Arya Dravidian
A mixture of Arya and Dravidian species is found in this species. It is inhabited in some parts in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan.
5-Mangole Dravidian
This species is found in West Bengal and Orissa. Here the Bengali Brahmin and Kayastha are its representatives.
6-Sytho Dravidian
This species is a mixture of Sindhian and Dravidian species, inhabiting Kerala, Saurashtra, Gujarat, Kutch and hilly parts of Madhya Pradesh.
7-Turko-Iranian
This species lives in Afghanistan and Baluchistan.
Tribe classification
The species classification of Dr. BS Guha based on the census report of 1931 is the most prominent and well-known, whose brief description is as follows-
1-Negritos:
Negrito species are found mainly in the Andaman and Nicobar Deep group. Its other representatives are - Angami, Naga (Manipur and Cachar hill region), Bangadi, Irula, Kadar Pulayan Mudhuwan and Kannikar (South India).
People of this species live in the Travancore-Cochin, Eastern-Rajasthan palace hills of the state of Kerala in South India and in the North Eastern Frontier states.
2-Proto-Australoid or East Dravid:
These species have assimilated into Indian tribes.Its elements are found in South India, which are popular as Chenchu, Malayan, Kurumba, Turuba, Munda, Kol, Santhal, and Bhil.
3-Mongoloid:
Mongoloid species are found in three classes:-
(1)Former Mongoloid species is found in the Himalayas.
(2)The broad-headed species is found in the Lepcha tribe and Chakma in Bangladesh belongs to this species.
(3)Tibetan Mongoloid species inhabit Sikkim Bhutan.
4-Mediterranean or Dravidian species:
The country has three subdivisions of the Mediterranean or Dravidian species:
(1) Ancient Mediterranean: - Found in Telugu and Tamil Brahmins of South India.
(2) Mediterranean Sagari: - who are considered to be the originators of Indus Valley Civilization and are found in Punjab, Kashmir, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Cochin, Maharashtra and Malabar.
(3) People of Eastern or Semitic species are found in Punjab, Rajasthan and West Uttar Pradesh.
5-Nordic or Indo-Aryan species: -
It is the last coming species in India. Currently their residence is found in North India. Rajput, Sikh etc. are considered its representatives.
6-Wide-headed species: -
This species arrived in India from Europe. It has three major subclasses: -
- Alponide: - which resides in Saurashtra (Kathi), Gujarat (Baniya), West Bengal (Kayastha), Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh etc.
- Dinaric: - which is found with the Mediterranean species.
- Armenides: - Representatives of which are Parsis of Mumbai, Kayasthas of West Bengal, Vedada species of Sri Lanka.
Where did they go to the Scheduled Tribes (Article 34-2) in the Indian Constitution, while at present they are known by the names of tribal forested and Aranyavasi, Girijan etc.
5 criteria for Scheduled Tribes: -
(1) It should have the characteristics of primitive quality.
(2) It should be geographically distinct.
(3) They should have a different culture.
(4) He should be financially backward.
(5) Feel free to meet the people of the community.
Major tribal areas of India
The Chanda Committee set the main five standards for the inclusion of any caste or community under primitive or scheduled tribe in 1960.There are a total of 461 tribals in India of which 424 belong to Scheduled Tribes, they can be divided into seven regions: -
(1) Northern Region: -
This includes tribes of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. Among these tribes, Lahul, Lepcha, Bhotia, Tharu, Buxa, Jaunsari, Khampa, Kanouti etc. are prominent. Characteristics of Mongol species are found in all of them. Bhotias are good businessmen and speak the language of the Chinese-Tibetan family.
(2) North Eastern Region: -
The tribes of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram come under them. Lepcha in Darjeeling and Sikkim, Aptani, Miri, Dafla and Mishmi in Arunachal Pradesh, Hamar tribals in Assam-Manipur contiguous region, Nagaland, Nagaland and East Assam, Naga, Manipur, Kuki in Tripura Mizoram, Lushai in Mizoram, etc.
In Tawang, Arunachal, there are Buddhist tribes like Monpas, Sheradukpens and Khampatis. The Naga tribes are divided into sub-castes such as Konyak in the north, Tankhul in the east, Kabui in the south, Rengma in the west and Lahota and Foam in the middle. Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia tribes are found in Meghalaya.
Characteristics of Mongoloid species are found in all the tribes of the northeast region. It speaks the language of Tibetan, Burmese, Shyami and Chinese families. They are khag collectors, hunters, farmers and weavers.
(3)Eastern area:-
It includes tribes of Jharkhand, West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar. Juang, Kharia, Khond, and Bhumij are tribes of Orissa and tribes of Munda, Oraon, Santhal, Ho and Birhor Jharkhand.
West Bengal mainly consists of Santhal, Munda, Oraon tribes. All these tribes belong to the Proto Australian species.
They have black or dark brown color, head long, wide - short and suppressed nose and light curly hair.
They belong to the B blood group. They belong to the Austric language family and speak Kol and Munda languages.
(4)Central region:-
It includes tribes of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, western Rajasthan and northern Andhra Pradesh.
The main tribes of Chhattisgarh are Gond, Poga, Maria and Aghuzhamariya etc. Their concentration is more in Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh and Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. These tribes are also found in eastern Andhra Pradesh. All these tribes belong to the proto austenoid species.
(5)Western part:-
It includes tribes of Gujarat, Rajasthan, West Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Bhil, Garasia, Meena, Banjara, Sansi and Saharia are the tribes of Rajasthan and Mahadev, Koli, Bali, WB and Gujarat and western Madhya Pradesh tribes.
All these tribes belong to the Proto Ostraloid species. They all speak the dialects of the Austric language family.
(6)South region:-
This includes the tribes of the Central Western Ghats which extend from 20 degrees north latitude to the south.The tribes of western Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, western Tamil Nadu and Kerala come under it.Tonda, Kota and Badga are the most important tribes in the Nilgiri region.In the Toda tribe, polyandry is prevalent.There are tribes like Kurumba, Kadar, Panion, Chenchu, Allar, Nayak, Chetty etc.They belong to the Negrito species. They are blood group A. They come in the Dravidian language family.
(7)Binary area:-
Under this comes the tribes of the Andaman-Nicobar and Lakshdeep groups. The Shompan, Onge, Jarawa and Santi-Nali of the Andaman-Nicobar are important tribes. Which are now slowly becoming extinct.
It belongs to the Negrito species. Fishing, hunting, Kandamool collection etc. are the basis of its livelihood.
The major tribes here are Bhotia, Tharu, Buxa, Jaunsari, Raji, Kharwar and Mahigir. Nainital of Uttarakhand has the highest number of tribes. After that Dehradun comes in second place.
It lives in Nainital to Gorakhpur and Terai region. Which is of Kirat dynasty. These include joint family practice. There are many families in which the number of members is up to 500. They celebrate Diwali as a festival of mourning.
This caste lives in Nainital, Pauri Garhwal, Dehradun districts of Uttarakhand. It is believed to belong to the Hull Rajput family. They speak Hindi language, like Hindus, Anulom and inverse marriage are also prevalent in them.
The Kol tribe found in the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand is a Hindu tribe of Kirat dynasty, who do agriculture through jhumming.
It is a dreaded and sacrificial tribe residing in Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh.
Dehradun, Tehri-Garhwal, Uttarkashi region of Uttarakhand meet. They are related to Mediterranean Sea areas, in which polygamy is found.
The tribes found in Almora, Chamoli, Pithoragarh and Uttarkashi regions of Uttarakhand are of the Mongol species that flow through the seasons.
Gond, Munda, Korku, Korba, Kol, Sahariya, Halba, Maria, Birhor, Bhumia, Oraon, etc. are the main tribes here.
Bastar district of Chhattisgarh is the most important in terms of total tribal population. Jhabua district is paramount by tribal number.
The Gond tribe is the largest among the tribes of India. Their skin color is black, hair is black, lips are thick and the nose is large and spread. They mainly reside in Bastar, Chanda, Durg district of Chhattisgarh. They are also few in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
The anatomy of this tribe living in Chhindwara, Jabalpur and Bilaspur districts of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh is similar to Gond tribe.
And is dependent on agriculture.
They are also among the prominent tribes of Jharkhand. They also have many sub-castes.
The Shompan, Santalis, Onga and Jakha tribes found on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are on the verge of extinction. It belongs to the Negrito species.
Tribes of india
Tribes of uttarakhand
The major tribes here are Bhotia, Tharu, Buxa, Jaunsari, Raji, Kharwar and Mahigir. Nainital of Uttarakhand has the highest number of tribes. After that Dehradun comes in second place.
Tharu: -
It lives in Nainital to Gorakhpur and Terai region. Which is of Kirat dynasty. These include joint family practice. There are many families in which the number of members is up to 500. They celebrate Diwali as a festival of mourning.
Buxa:-
This caste lives in Nainital, Pauri Garhwal, Dehradun districts of Uttarakhand. It is believed to belong to the Hull Rajput family. They speak Hindi language, like Hindus, Anulom and inverse marriage are also prevalent in them.
Raaji (Banraut) :-
The Kol tribe found in the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand is a Hindu tribe of Kirat dynasty, who do agriculture through jhumming.
Kharwar tribe: -
It is a dreaded and sacrificial tribe residing in Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh.
Jaunsari:-
Dehradun, Tehri-Garhwal, Uttarkashi region of Uttarakhand meet. They are related to Mediterranean Sea areas, in which polygamy is found.
Bhotiya:-
The tribes found in Almora, Chamoli, Pithoragarh and Uttarkashi regions of Uttarakhand are of the Mongol species that flow through the seasons.
Tribes of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
Gond, Munda, Korku, Korba, Kol, Sahariya, Halba, Maria, Birhor, Bhumia, Oraon, etc. are the main tribes here.
Bastar district of Chhattisgarh is the most important in terms of total tribal population. Jhabua district is paramount by tribal number.
Gond :-
The Gond tribe is the largest among the tribes of India. Their skin color is black, hair is black, lips are thick and the nose is large and spread. They mainly reside in Bastar, Chanda, Durg district of Chhattisgarh. They are also few in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
Maria:-
The anatomy of this tribe living in Chhindwara, Jabalpur and Bilaspur districts of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh is similar to Gond tribe.
Cove:-
The main occupation of this tribe, residing in Rewa division and Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh, is agriculture.Korba:-
The tribe resides in Bilaspur, Surguja and Rayagada districts of Chhattisgarh. It is mainly dependent on wild tuber and prey. Some Korba are also cultivators.Saharia:-
The tribe, living in the districts of Guna, Shivpuri and Morena in Madhya Pradesh, maintains livelihood by collecting Kandamool and honey.Halba:-
The main occupation of this tribe residing in Raipur and Bastar districts of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh is agriculture. Marathi language words are used more in their dialect.Korku:-
It is also a branch of the Munda or Kolarian tribe and resides in the districts of Nimar, Hoshangabad, Betul, Chhindwara etc. in Madhya Pradesh. The main occupation of this tribe is agriculture.Tribes of Rajasthan
Meena: -
Rajasthan has the highest number of this tribe. Mainly residing in Jaipur, Sawai Madhopur, Udaipur, Alwar, Chittorgarh, Kota, Bundi and Dangurpur districts. Based on mythological beliefs, this tribe is related to Lord Matsyavatar. The Meena tribe is a worshiper of Shiva and Shakti.Bhil: -
Resides in Banswara, Dungarpur, Udaipur, Sirohi, Chittorgarh and Bhilwara districts. Bhil means bowman. They consider themselves children of Mahadev. The Bhil is a tribal proto-Australian species. His height is small and medium, eyes are red, his hair is dry and his jaw is slightly out. Joint family practice is prevalent in Bhilo. This species is usually cultivar.Garasia: -
Meena and Bhil are the third major tribals of Rajasthan. They live mainly in southern Rajasthan. This Chauhan is a descendant of Rajputs, but now he has started living a primitive type of life in front of Bhilo. Among them, three types of marriages are peacock bandhia, pahravana and tanana.Sansi:-
It is a Khanbadora tribal living in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan. This tribal considers itself below the Balmiki caste.Tribes of jharkhand
Santhal: -
It is a major tribe in India and the first tribe of Jharkhand. It is also found in the states of Bengal, Assam. They live mainly in the districts of Santhal Parganas, Ranchi, Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Dhanbad etc. in Jharkhand. They are of Australian and Dravidian species. They speak Munda language and are worshipers of nature. Their main occupation is hunting, Kandamool collection. Brahmin, Sohrai, and Sakrat are their main festivals.Korba :-
It is found in Palamu district of Jharkhand. It is also a tribal residence in Madhya Pradesh which is related to the Kolarian tribal.Oraon: -
One of the major tribes of Jharkhand. They belong to the Proto Australian species. They speak Kurukh language which is similar to Munda language. They mainly live in Santhal Parganas and Rohtas district. Hunting, fishing, and agriculture are their main occupations.Asura: -
They mainly live in Singhbhum district. It is also related to the proto Australian species. They speak the Malta language of the Munda class. Their main occupation is iron smelting, hunting, fishing, food collection and agriculture.Sauria Pahadia: -
Santhal Parganas, Godda, Rajmahal etc. are the farming tribes residing in the district.Hill Chalkis: -
This tribe living in the hills of Singhbhum district, Khagh Collection, HorticultureAnd is dependent on agriculture.
Weed: -
It is a fighter and heroic tribe that lives in Palamu and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand.Shaved :-
They are also among the prominent tribes of Jharkhand. They also have many sub-castes.
Other tribes of India
Naga: -
It is a tribe of Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh which belongs to the Indo-Mongoloid species. These are mostly related to Christianity. Agriculture, animal husbandry and poultry farming are their main occupations. These do jhuming agriculture.Toda: -
It is a tribal inhabiting the Nilgiri and Utkamand hills of Tamil Nadu. They are related to the Mediterranean species. It is strong, beautiful and fair. Their main occupation is pastoralism. The polyandry is prevalent among the Toda tribal.The Shompan, Santalis, Onga and Jakha tribes found on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are on the verge of extinction. It belongs to the Negrito species.
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