Introduction:-
- Strong Legal Framework to strengthen security forces even at human rights and constitutional values are protected.
- Terrorism enmeshed in an intricate web of organised crime,illegal financial transfer,trafficking in arm drugs.
- Geopolitical Situation of India - Vulnerable to terrorism .
- Sleeper cells,spread of modern communication ,modern weapons technology, tactics.
- Multi-prolonged action by all organs of government and Society.
Terrorism
Defining is important in order to have special laws for terrorism .Universally acceptable definition is is impossible to arrive at a terrorist for some may be viewed as freedom fighter by others.States may themselves be supporting terrorists.
Depending on the objective of the terror groups,nature of terrorism differs.Terrorist- motivated by different goals, objective.
- Ethno-Nationalistic Terrorism :- Motivated by ethno-nationalism,separalist aspiration (seperate state or country) E.g., LTTE, Insurgent groups in NE India.
- Religions Terrorism :- Motivated either in whole or in part by a religions imperative,They consider violence as a divine duty,This terrorism embrace different means of legitionization and justification.
- Ideology oriented terrorism :-
Right wing Terrorism:- Seek to maintain conservatives.They may assume racist character too violence against migrants.Religion may play a supportive role to rightist violence.
Left wing Terrorism :- Violence against the ruling Elite by Peasants tribals and labourers. Marx,Mao,Lenin- Provided ideological basis.Revolution to throw away the yoke of exploitation.
- Narco- Terrorism:- Latin America attack by drug traffickers threatening them against police, politicians etc. Attacks by assassination, kidnapping, bombing etc. Acquired different meaning now. Now using drugs as a means of funding.
Feature of Terrorism :-
Political aims,religions,ideological motives,Violence against non combat targets.
Indian Definition :- Focus on the means of terrorism (TADA - 1997, POTA-2002, ULPA-1967) - Bombs, Explosive Substance,chemical etc..
Means of Terrorism :-
- Traditional Tactics :- Attackers using Weapons,bombs,IED,Grenades,Landmines etc.. Hostage taking hijacking,suicide attackers,Kidnapping.
- Environmental Terrorism :- Pre-madicated damage to nature(eco-terrorism is different .It is Protest against environmental distraction). E.g., Kuwait oil wells,Saddam
Weapon of Mass Destruction(WMD) :- Nuclear (N), Biological (B), Chemical(C)
- Nuclear Weapon :- Simplest form of nuclear weapon are highly enriched uranium can be easily built even by non state actors.Terror groups are acquire them.
- Biological weapons:- Advancement in biotechnology .
E.g.., Bacillus Anthracis
- Chemical weapon :- Like toxic gases etc.
Cyber terrorism
Cyber-terrorism is a criminal act perpetrated by the use of computer and telecommunications capabilities,resulting in violence,destruction,disruption of services to crate fear causing confusion and uncertainty within a given population, with the goal of influencing government or people to conform to a particular political,social or ideological agenda.
Component of cyber terrorism :-
Computer technology as a facilitator of terrorism used for political propaganda,terrorist recruitment and financing, intra and inter-group communication and coordination,intelligence gathering etc.Computer technology as a specific component of terrorist weapons or target :- Computer technology based attacks or threats on public utilities and transportation,commercial instis cooperations,individual,political,or ethnic groups,security forces,nation states.
1st Cyber terrorist attack 1998 - Tamil militants Swamped Sri-lankan embassies with email bombs.
1999- kosovo conflict - Russian,serbian,chinese hackers - attacks on NATO databases.
2000- Palestinian Terrorists - attacks on Israeli databases websites
Suicide terrorism :-
- 1984- Suicide bombing of US marine barracks in Beirut - 1st attack in recent times.
- LTTE - from 1987
- Presi Premadasa - 1993
- Jihadi terrorists -
- kashmir form 1991
- Fidayeen - Sucide terrorists
